Word Origins: How the words are born

 

Introduction

With utmost purity of my mind and heart, I am eager to express my experience, what I have observed while studying the origin and etymology of the different languages around the world.  After the long and tedious work, I have reached on one conclusion that the different languages spoken today in the world originate from a single source i.e. the Sanskrit language.  Often we have heard that Sanskrit is the mother of all languages but we have not gone further to explore the veracity of this general statement.  In this work, I have tried to show how the lakhs of words in different languages have their origin in the Sanskrit dhatus (root words).

The common source for the origin of all European languages

In the present work, it has been shown etymologically as to how all European languages have evolved from Sanskrit. The etymologists do agree that all the European languages have originated from a common source but the evidence for this was found neither in Greek nor Latin, nor anywhere in Europe, but in an ancient and distant language, the Classical Sanskrit of India, used from the time immemorial in the speech and practices of the people of the Indian subcontinent.

Vedic people were indigenous to the Indian Subcontinent.

This work also gives immense strength to the Out of India Theory (OIT) and the conclusions drawn tells contrary to what the proponents of the Aryan Invasion Theory (AIT) have been stating over the years.  This work indeed indicates that it never happened this way.  The Vedic Aryans were indeed the indigenous people of the Indus and Sarasvati river regions, from which their culture spread out in all directions and influenced the whole world.

How the Prakrits or the regional languages developed in India?

Sanskrit, the most precisely grammared and having a refined manner of speaking was for learned classes of the society and for educational purposes, similar as it still is today. In this way, Sanskrit existed along with the different Prakrits or regional languages.  We see today in India, there are many languages that have been derived from the Sanskrit.  These regional languages still exists but gradually during a prolonged period of time, these languages underwent a change to such a degree that these languages and the Sanskrit ceased to be comparable.  They had to be learned as separate languages. In India today though all the languages are offshoots of Sanskrit but with time they have changed to a considerable degree in terms of their grammar and vocabulary and pronunciation.

The same is the case with the development of other languages across the world

This work tells us that in the same way, the Geek, Latin, Avestin and other languages that we find across the world and which still hold many similarities with their mother language i.e. Sanskrit developed. So these languages spread across the world had their origin in Sanskrit but during the prolonged period of time, these were started to be identified as separate languages although retaining a lot of similarity with the Sanskrit. So the homeland, the race and the culture of supposed Proto-Indo-European population and the Proto-Indo European (PIE) language never ever have existed.

The common source of all languages that the western scholars were looking for is Sanskrit  

The present work tries to establish the origin of all the languages in the Sanskrit in a logical and systematic way. The scholars familiar with the Sanskrit grammar and vocabulary accept that in spite of the progress the modern society has made, we still have not invented a language more elaborate and developed than Sanskrit. There is no language more sophisticated than Sanskrit. Though the proponent of the Proto-Indo-European language propose that the parent language of Sanskrit, Greek and Latin the PIE language that was spoken once in antiquity is now dead but they never accept that the language they are looking for is right in front of them, and that is Sanskrit itself.  The artificially reconstructed PIE vocabulary is pure imagination.  It is just one of any number of similar reconstructions one can develop.

 The hollowness of the Aryan Invasion Theory

The present work linguistically proves that the Aryans are indigenous to India.  The Indo-European languages spread from India to the other parts of the world. The theory of an external origin of the Indo-Aryan speaking people in the Indian subcontinent has been deliberately constructed on false premise. There is no evidence to substantiate the external origin of the Indo-Aryans. The Aryans are indigenous to India and the Indus Saraswati Civilization is a Vedic Civilization.  There is no discontinuity between the north Indian and the South Indian people.  Recent DNA studies have proved that the DNA of the people of the entire Indian subcontinent is same.  There was no conflict between the Aryans and Dravidians, between the so called upper castes and the Shudras as is proposed by the proponents of the Aryan Invasion Theory.  In fact the Indo-European languages spread out from India into their present locations.

It was on the banks of river Sarasvati that Vedas and Puranas were composed by the Rishis, the sages. The Sarasvati river has been mentioned in the Rig Veda and the later Puranic texts at a number of places as a mighty river.  Veda Vyasa, the great Rishi, who grouped the Vedas into four parts and composed the Puranas and the Mahabharata, also stayed at the bank of river Sarasvati for a considerable period of time. This river is presently known as Ghaggar-Hakra River.  It had dried up around the Mahabharata war.  Based on the astronomical positions of the nakshatras and the planets given in the Mahabharata, its period has been ascertained with great accuracy.  Further, with the horses and horse-drawn chariots dating back to 2000 BCE have been found on archeological excavations at many sites in the Indian subcontinent, it became clear that the people here were already using the horses and the chariots.  Therefore, the claim of the Aryan Invasion theory proponents that the Aryans who came from the central Europe brought horse and chariots here in the Indian subcontinent got falsified.  Today, the Aryan Invasion Theory proposed by the colonial historians with vested interests is standing on the hollow foundations and the present work further broadens this hollowness 

The linguistic evidence with the Sanskrit language at the root of the Indo-European language family conclusively proves the origin of the Indo-European languages in Northern part of the subcontinent.  Subsequently, with the passage of time, these people and the languages spread to the entire Indo-European region through a series of migrations from the Indian subcontinent to the other parts of the world. The Aryan Invasion or later known as the Aryan Migration Theory proposed purely as a theoretical linguistic exercise fails miserably to explain the pre-dominance of Sanskrit in the reconstruction of the proto language PIE vocabulary.  In fact, had the Sanskrit not been at the center stage, the study and the understanding of many of the PIE language branches would not have been possible.  By the PIE advocates, too much of labor was used in an effort to fit the things at proper place.  Every effort was made to exclude the India from being considered a possible PIE homeland. In their effort to exclude Indian subcontinent as the origin of PIE language speaking people, they complicated the matter and the process of establishing the PIE homeland elsewhere in the world only on linguistic grounds became too problematic for them as they had no literary or archeological evidence for the existence of PIE homeland and the PIE language.  The linguistic evidence on which they had heavily relied, also does not support their hypothesis and in fact suggests on the contrary.

The out of India migration of the Aryans

The Aryans lived in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent and then expanded to all over the world.  Some of them moved to the Bactria region (the region lying between the mountains of the Hindu Kush and the Amu Darya, present day Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan).  These people further inhabited the Caspian coast and much of central Asia.  Another group of the Aryans moved northwards and inhabited the Tarim Basin in northwestern China.  They were the Tocharians.  With the passage of time, these people expanded to the western Europe and took the Indo- European languages to that region.  The Proto-Indo-Iranian expanded westwards towards Mesopotamia and Persia.  They were known as Pahlavas. Some Indo-Aryan travelled westwards and formed the Hurrian Mitanni kingdom by around 1500 BCE (We have strong evidence of the presence of an Indo-Aryan culture in the Mittani empire.  The Hurrian word originates from the Sanskrit word Surya meaning Sun (“ha” for ‘sa”). Some of these Aryans moved eastwards and inhabited the Gangetic basin while others traveled southwards and interacted with the Dravidian people there. Therefore, the 19th century assumptions of the colonial historians regarding the conflict between invading European Aryans and indigenous Shudras, Dasas or the Dravidians has no evidence.

 The pagan world

The present work also explores that at one time, the entire world was a Sanatana civilization.  The people were worshiping different forces of nature i.e. the earth, the fire, the water, the sky, the wind, the mountains, the trees, the rivers; all the natural forces which are essential for the existence and survival of life in this planet.  These natural forces were worshipped in the form of different personified deities.  People offered different material items to these deities, praised them, sang the songs in their praise and also sought food, welfare, well being and safety from them.  The old civilizations in the world were polytheistic, believing and worshipping different forms of the one Supreme Being.  They were practicing the polytheism just like we see today in the Sanatana Dharma.

The Vedic Sanatana dharma was spread far and wide.  In the Aitareya Brahmana, the Uttarakurus and the Uttaramadras are described to be living beyond the Himalayas (paren himvantam).  In the Vedas, Varuna was the king of Bahlika (bactria).  The name Iran originates from the Aryamanya.  The present day Hindustan is just the eastern part of the Bharastvarsha whereas the western part extended upto the Red sea.  Bharatvasrha has been described as the region between the Red sea in the west and the China Sea in the east.  So the whole of the present day Asia was Bharatvarsha.

The emergence of the Abrahamic faiths 

Then emerged the Abrahamic faiths, a particular group of followers being led by one book and one leader.   These people were guided by the principles and directions given in the book of these faiths.  These faiths declared the existence of one single God and believed that this single God can not have any form.  These faiths highly condemned the Supreme Being worshipped in any physical form.  In fact, they strictly prohibited the construction of the vigraha murtis of different deities for worship.  They termed these murtis as idols and the worship as Idolatry.  Idolatory was declared a sin in these faiths.

With the passage of time, a large part of the world came under Abrahamic thoughts.  These abrahamic faiths are totalitarian systems and are highly averse to the multi-cultured, all encompassing, pluralistic polytheistic approach to seek the one divine Supreme.  With the spread of these thoughts, though the ancient classical civilizations termed as pagan by these Abrahamics, wiped out but still their language, the belief, traditions and customs remained prevalent.  These are still used by them though in a slightly modified form.  Linguistically also, the vocabulary used by these ancient civilizations still exists. Etymological studies take us to the origin of these different words of various languages spoken around the world; to the Sanskrit language.

So the instant work also shows us that at one time in the past, not before sixteen or seventeen hundred years ago, the whole world was practicing the pluralistic polytheistic approach in the matters of religion.  It was with the propagation of these totalitarian Abrahamic faiths, that the people around the world were made to believe in one single God, one prophet and one book.

The scope of this work

In this work, the maximum number of words traced to their Vedic past are from English language followed by other European languages.  A large number of words have been traced from Persian and Arabic languages too.  When one go through the origins of these words and traces them to their root i.e. Sanskrit, it is a wonderful feeling.  It is amazing to discover and hard to believe that such could be the original place of a word that has changed forms after such a long journey through the time.

The origins of different languages spoken around the world has been traced to the Sanskrit. In brief, it can be said that all the languages spoken in the distant past were either Sanskrit or directly derived from it.  If one argues that compared to the size of these languages, there are only a small percentage of the words that are actually derived from Sanskrit in these languages, then it is mentioned that the numbers one to ten have pronunciation similar to Sanskrit in almost all languages across the world.  So are the pronouns used in these languages.  The words used for the close relations like mother, father, brother, sister etc also have close resemblance to Sanskrit.  We can say that building block of different languages are Sanskrit roots called dhatus.  It is on these blocks, the entire structure of these languages is resting.  The inquisitive readers will themselves note this fact while reading this book analytically.

References

The content of this work is taken from the various etymological dictionaries.  The etymological dictionaries are those which trace a particular word to its origin.  Help is also taken from the work of eminent etymologist Eric Partridge. Many Sanskrit dictionaries have also been referred while preparing the list of the words used in this work.

This work needs to be presented in the form of a book.  It will instill a feeling of respect for the great rishis of the ancient past who learned the divine language Sanskrit from the Devas and then taught this language to the humanity.  Had it not been, the world would have remained deprived of the ability to speak with eloquence and fluency.  The languages would not have been developed with so much perfection and diversity.

This book will also break the myth of superiority of the European languages over the languages spoken in the East.  After going through this work, the reader will see that all European languages derive their vocabulary from the Sanskrit in the same way as is derived by the regional languages spoken in the Indian subcontinent.

Further, this work will also go against the presumed theories of the ‘European origin of the PIE (proto-Indo European) language’ and the Aryan Invasion.  Vedic people composed the Vedas on the bank of river Saraswati, they have not come from an alien region as is propagated through these theories. Linguistically observing, the regional languages spoken in the Indian subcontinent use the corrupted form of the vocabulary taken from the Sanskrit. The same pattern of corruption of Sanskrit word is noticed when these words travelled to different languages outside the Indian subcontinent.  The whole pattern of sound changes taking place when these worlds left Sanskrit and travelled to these different languages is given in this book

One may argue that if the vocabulary used in ancient languages is similar then why do we prefer Sanskrit to be the origin of all languages and not the other ones like the ancient Greek, Latin or Persian?  The answer to this objection is that Sanskrit words are found in all ancient languages but this is not true for other languages.  In fact, 96 percent words of the hypothetical PIE language consist of the Vedic Sanskrit.  The other ancient languages like Greek, Latin or Persian have comparatively small percentage of words forming part of the PIE vocabulary.  So there should be no hesitation to accept that the imagined PIE language which is claimed to be the origin of all Indo-European languages is nothing else but Vedic Sanskrit.

The audience for this book

This book will be quite useful for the general reader who has interest in the history of words.  It will broaden his knowledge of the origin of different words and also change his views on the established matters related to the religion, philosophy, history, geography and other diverse subjects making his vision broad.  For the students, it is really a wonderful experience to enrich their vocabulary of different languages and learn the gradual formation of different words from the single source.  Having gone through this book, they will definitely have rich vocabulary and understanding the structure and formation of different languages across the world.  In fact, with little analysis and reasoning, they themselves be able to find the source of any word that come before them thus making them able to learn different languages easily.

How the sounds changed when Sanskrit words travelled to other parts of the world

The following table shows how the slightest sound changes in the cognate alphabets leads to the formation of entirely different words.

The sound changes in the cognate alphabets	Formation of different words
pa to fa	The alphabet pa of Sanskrit pāda meaning foot remained same in ancient Greek poús, Latin pēs, pedis, Russian pod "under; floor",  Lithuanian pėda, Latvian pēda.	But the pa of pāda changed to fa as in English foot, West Frisian foet, German Fuß, Gothic fōtus, Icelandic and Faroese fótur, Danish fod, Norwegian and Swedish fot.
pa to ka	Apas meaning water	Latin Aqua;
	Sūpa सूप, sauce, soup	suck, sucker
ta to þa	The alphabet ta of Sanskrit trita remained same in ancient Greek tritos, Latin tertius, Welsh trydydd, Russian tretij, Lithuanian trečias, Albanian tretë.	ta of Sanskrit trita became tha in English third, Old Frisian thredda, Old Saxon thriddio but it became pa in  Gothic þridja, Icelandic þriðji.   The Sanskrit alphabet ta changes to tha in the South Indian languages too.
sa to ka; and sa to ha	Sa in Sanskrit श्वान  śvāna became ka in ancient Greek kýōn, Latin canis, Welsh ci (pl. cwn)	Sa in Sanskrit श्वान  śvāna became ha in English hound, Dutch hond, German Hund, Gothic hunds, Icelandic, Faroese hundur, Danish, Norwegian, Swedish hund.
	Svapna, sleep, a dream	Greek hupnos (ha for sa), English Hypnos, hypnosis. There are a number of Persian, Arabic and Urdu words formed from Sanskrit through this sa to ha change.
	plihan प्लिहन्, the spleen	Late Latin splēn, Greek splēn, English spleen (ha to sa)
	Latin sōl	Greek hēlios, stem hēli-, root hēl-; the Sun God
kw to hw	Alphabet Kw in Sanskrit kád became Latin quod, Irish cad, Russian ko-, Lithuanian kas.	Alphabet Kw in Sanskrit kád became hw English what, Gothic hwa, Icelandic hvað, Faroese hvat, Danish hvad, Norwegian hva.
ba to pa	Latin: verber "rod", Homeric Greek: rabdos "rod, wand", Lithuanian: virbas	English: warp, West Frisian: werpe, Dutch: werpen, Icelandic: verpa, varpa, Faroese: verpa, Gothic wairpan
da to ta	da in Sanskrit daśam became Latin decem, Greek déka, Irish deich, Russian desyat, Lithuanian dešimt.	da in Sanskrit daśam became English ten, Dutch tien, Gothic taíhun, Icelandic tíu, Faroese tíggju, Danish, Norwegian ti, Swedish tio.
	svādú, sweet	English sweet, Middle English swete, variant swote, from Old English swēte;  Old Frisian swēte, Old Slavic swōti, Old Norse sveiti
	svēda	English sweat
	Sanskrit dāmayáti, he tames	English tame: Old English tam, Middle Dutch tem, taem, Dutch tam, Old Irish domnaim, I bind fast, and Hittite damass-, tamass-, to oppress Latin domāre, to tame
	Sanskrit dṝ दॄ (dṛṇāti), to burst, break, split open	Middle Dutch teren, to consume, Old Norse taera, to use, to use up, English Tear, tore, torn
da to za	mada मद means hilarity/ rapture/excitement/intoxication	Greek and Latin mazos (breast)
dha  to tha	dhṛt धृत् holding, bearing, supporting	Early French thérapeutique, Greek therapeutēs, a medical attendant, theraps, an attendant, Greek therapeia (medical) attendance, English therapy
ga to ka and vice versa	Latin: gelū, Greek: gelandrós, Lithuanian: gelmenis, gelumà	English: cold, West Frisian: kâld, Dutch: koud, German: kalt, Icelandic, Faroese: kaldur, Danish: kold, Norwegian: kald, Swedish: kall
	Lithuanian: gyvas	English: quick, West Frisian: kwik, kwyk, Dutch: kwiek, Gothic: qius, Icelandic, Faroese: kvikur, Danish: kvik, Swedish: kvick, Norwegian kvikk
	Sanskrit ukṣan उक्षन् (an ox or bull)	Latin augēre (stem aug-) meaning to enlarge, increase; Gothic aukan, Old Frisian āka, Old Norse auka (verb) and auki (noun), Old High German ouhhōn, Old English ēacan; Lith augti, to grow, high; Greek auxein, English augment
kha to ka, and then ga	Sanskrit nakhás/nakhám, nail	Lithuanian nāgas, Russian nogot   The Sanskrit alphabet kha is a bit difficult to pronounce whereas ka is comparatively earlier to utter.  It becomes ka in many languagese.  In fact, the whole ka-varga (ka, kha, ga, gha)
bh to ba	Sanskrit bhrātṛ	bh of Sanskrit bhrātṛ became ba of English brother, West Frisian, Dutch broeder, German Bruder, Gothic broþar, Icelandic, Faroese bróðir, Danish, Swedish, Norwegian broder.
	bhalla भल्ल (a bear)	Middle English bere, Old English bera, Old High German bero/ber, German Bär, English bear.
ca/cha to sa	chid छिद् to cut off, amputate	English Shed, to separate
cha to ka, then to sa	Skt vāk, the voice ; vocá-, he spoke	English vocal, voice
dh to da	Sanskrit mádhu 'honey', Homeric Greek methu	dh of Sanskrit mádhu became da of English mead, East Frisian meede, Dutch mede, Danish/Norwegian mjød, Icelandic mjöður, Swedish mjöd.
gh to g	Sanskrit: hamsa (swan)	English: goose, West Frisian: goes, guos, Dutch: gans, German: Gans, Icelandic: gæs, Faroese: gás, Danish, Norwegian, Swedish: gås
gha to tha	gharma घर्म (ghṛ-) heat, warmth (of the sun or of fire), sunshine	Greek thermē (s therm-), heat; E thermal
gh to gw and then to ba, ga or wa (Otherwise merged with existing g and wa)	Sanskrit gharmá-, Avestan garəmó, Old Prussian gorme	English warm, West Frisian waarm, Dutch, German warm, Swedish varm, Icelandic varmur.
tha to ta and vice versa	Sanskrit sthiráš, fixed, strong	Old English starian, Old High German starēn, German starren, Middle Dutch starren, Dutch staren, Late Greek staren, Old Norse stara, English star.
	Mitra, a form of Vedic Sun deity	Latin and Greek Mithras: Old Persian Mithra, a Persian god of light
dha  to tha	dhārakas, holding, a holder	Latin thōrax, the chest from Greek thōrak; English thorax
ra to la	ra  of Sanskrit Patra	ra  of Sanskrit Patra became la in English Petal
	Surya	becomes sol, solar
	Sanskrit rōčís, a light, shine	Old Irish lōche, brightness, lócharn, a light, a lamp (French lucarne); to Old Slovenian luči, light, luča, a ray of light; to Armenian lois, leys, a light, with genitive lusoy, Latin lūx (genitive lūcis), a light, brightness, lūcēre, to shine; Greek leukos, shining, white
ya  to ga	āyus आयुस् life, vigour	English Age
	Māyā माया means illusion/ deception/trick/magic	English Magic
u to o; and use of nasal n	uttara उत्तर, the north	In Oscan and Umbrian nertru, from the left; Greek nerteros, nether; basic idea of north is ‘left

 

The above table is just a drop in the ocean. There are thousands of such words formed by this type of sound changes.  The exhaustive list of such words has been compiled and these words in different languages have been traced to their origin i.e. the Sanskrit roots words called dhatus.  The following table illustrates a few such examples.

saura	सौर	Saur सौर meaning 'Sun' became sunne/sonne in old English (n for r), sunne in old Frisian, sunna in Slovenian, sunna/sonne in German, sunnō in Gothic, sonne/ zonne/Zon in Dutch, sunna in Old Norse, khvēng in Avestin (kha for sa) and Sun in English.   Saur सौर meaning 'Sun' became sōl in Latin, hēlio (the Sun God)/ hēli/ hēl in Greek, Khor (Sun, kha for sa) in Persian and sun, solar, solstice, helium (the element), insolate, insolation, parasol, aphelion and parhelion in English.
svapna	स्वप्न	svapna स्वप्न meaning sleep/dream became somnus (sleep)/Somnus (God of Sleep)/sōpīre (deep sleep) in Latin; hupnos in Greek, sofa (to sleep)/svefn in old Norse, sǔpati (to sleep) in Slovenian, sapna in Lithuanian and Khaab (sleep, kha for sa) in Persian.   svapna स्वप्न meaning sleep/dream became swefn (sleep, a dream) in old English and Somnolence, insomnia, sofa, hypnosis, hypnotic, hypnotize in English.
dhṛt	धृत्	holding, bearing, supporting, wearing, having possessing   The root dhṛt धृत् meaning holding, supporting takes the form of dhāraka (holding, a holder) in Sanskrit, thōrak in Greek, thōrax (the chest ) in Latin and thorax, thoracoscope (an instrument for inspecting the cavity of the chest) in English.
āyu	आयु	life, duration of life   āyu आयु (life, duration of life) became aiōn in Greek, aeu in Latin, ēwa (a long time) in German, aiw (always) in Gothic, āyu (life) in Avestin, ei (always) in old Norse and age, eternal, eternity in English.
Nakha	नख	The Sanskrit word nakhám (nakhá नख ) meaning nail became nāga in Lithuanian, nogot in Russian, nāxun in Persian, ungui in Latin, onux/onukh in Greek, angnaegl in old English and nail in English.
navan	नवन्	Nine   The Sanskrit word navan नवन् (nine) became Old English nigon/nigan, Old Frisian nigun/niugun, Old Saxon nigun, old German Niun/niune, German neun, Gothic niun, Dutch negene/negen, Old Norse nīu, Old Ireland noi, Gaelic (language of the Gaels of Scotland) naoi   Navan नवन् (nine) is also the origin of Breton nau, Latin nouem/novem, Greek ennea, English nine, ninth, nineteen, ninety, ninetieth and Latin November, novena, novenary, novendial, novennial.
vad	वद्	vad वद् (speaking distinctly) became Greek ōidē (a song), aoidē/āeidein( to sing), Middle French Ode and Latin oda/odē.   vad वद् (speaking distinctly) became Greek kōmōidia. Kōmos/Comus is the ancient Greek God of festivity and amusement. Greek kōmōidia or Comus+ōidia (a singing) became Latin comoedia, Middle French comedie, French comédie and English comedy.   vad वद् (speaking distinctly) is also the origin of the Greek word prosōidia (a song with rhythm). Greek prosōidia became Latin prosōdia, French prosodie and English prosody.   vad वद् (speaking distinctly) is the origin of the English words Ode, epode, palinode, comedy, comedic, comic, comical, melody, melodious, monody, monadic, parody, parodic, parodist, prosody, prosodic, rhapsody, rhapsodic, tragedy and tragic
madana	मदन	The Sanskrit word mada मद means hilarity/ rapture/excitement/intoxication ). Its variant madana मदन means passion/love or the God of love. mada मद is the origin of Greek and Latin mazos (breast).   mada मद is the origin of Greek/Latin word Amazōn (a+mazos). Today, the word Amazon means a strong and independent woman. Earlier, a-mazos meaning “not touching” was used for Greek female warriors who did not touch the men and had a separatist lifestyle.   mada मद became Amazon which today means power/greatness and is also used to describe a strong woman. The largest South American river Amazon was named when Spanish Christian missionaries spotted tribeswomen with bows and arrows on the river’s banks in the 16th century.
īrma	ईर्म	the arm, the fore-quarter of an animal   The Sanskrit word īrma ईर्म (the arm) becomes Old English earm (arm), old German armaz, German Arm, Old Norse armr, Old Frisian erm, Avestin arma/arəmo (arm), Armenian armuku (elbow) and English arm.   īrma ईर्म (arm) becomes Greek arthron (joint), Latin armus (shoulder); Latin ars (a way of being or of acting, hence a skill, hence talent). īrma ईर्म is the origin of English words Art, artifice, artificial, artisan, artist, inert, inertia, arm and article.
māyā	माया	illusion, unreality, deception   The Sanskrit word Māyā माया means illusion/ deception/trick/magic. Māyā is the origin of English word Mime which means the use of movements of hands/body/the expression on one’s face to tell a story.   Māyā माया (illusion/deception/magic) becomes Greek mimeisthai (to imitate), Bulgarian izmama (deception) and English mimesis, mimetic, mimic, mimicry, mimosa and mimeograph (a copying device).   māyā माया is the śakti or energy of the Supreme. The material universe emanates from Maya. The matter is insentient, but Maya is Cit shakti (CONSCIOUSNESS ITSELF) which controls the matter through the gunas. The Sanatana Shastra describe the Maya as DIVINE (daivi hi esa gunamayi)
takṣan	तक्षन्	a wood-cutter, carpenter takṣaka तक्षक   The Sanskrit word takṣan तक्षन् (a wood-cutter, carpenter) became Greek tekhnē/tektōn (a working with the hands, a craft), Latin texere ( to weave/to construct) and Hittite takkss/taks (to join, build).   The Sanskrit word takṣan तक्षन् (a wood-cutter, carpenter) became Greek tekhn (a manual skill) and tektōn (a carpenter), Latin tegere,( to cover) texere (to weave) and English technic, technical, technician, technique, techni/techno, technology.   Takṣan तक्षन् is the origin of English words architect, architecture, test (a trial), text, textile, textual, texture, context, pretext, tissue, toga, toil (to work very hard or for a long time at something), toilet, toilette; telary, telarian.   Takṣan तक्षन् is also the origin of the English words toil, toilet, toilette; telary, tiller, subtle, tectum, tegula, tegument, tile, thatch (a roof covering of straw), thatcher, detect, detective, protect, protection.

The sound changes taking place as given in the above tables are common here in India also.  The regional languages spoken in the Indian subcontinent derives their vocabulary from the Sanskrit language in the same way.

Sanskrit, the most precisely grammared language has a refined manner of speaking.  In the ancient time, it was for learned people of the society and for educational purposes. But the common people need easy and simple language.  So the Sanskrit words got corrupted by the masses and were spoken with different pronunciations (the sound changes as discussed above). In this way, the Sanskrit existed along with the different Prakrits or regional languages.  We see today in India, there are many languages that have been derived from the Sanskrit.  These regional languages still exists but gradually during a prolonged period of time, these languages underwent a change to such a degree that these languages and the Sanskrit ceased to be comparable.  They had to be learned as separate languages. In India today though all the languages are offshoots of Sanskrit but with time they have changed to a considerable degree in terms of their grammar and vocabulary and pronunciation.

It is quite probable that in the same way, the Geek, Latin, Avestin and other languages that we find across the world and which still hold many similarities with their mother language i.e. Sanskrit developed. So these languages spread across the world had their origin in Sanskrit but during the prolonged period of time, these were started to be identified as separate languages although retaining a lot of similarity with the Sanskrit.

Thus, this is the brief of the instant work titled as “A linguistic evidence of the Sanatana World”.  Alternately, 'The Pagan World" can also be a suitable title for this book.  There are thousands of such foreign words traced to their origin i.e. to the Sanskrit roots.  This work in general tries to establish the Vedic Sanatana roots of the entire world.  These roots are established specifically through the linguistic evidence throughout in this work.  The old classical civilizations which were following the Sanatana philosophy and Sanatana practices are termed as Pagans by the Abrahamic thoughts.  These classical civilizations have been referred as 'Pagan' in a derogative sense.  These have been termed as backward, unsophisticated and early men type of societies which were using many occult practices.  But this is not true.  These pagan societies were closer to the Supreme Paramatma than their Abrahamic counterparts.  These were more accommodating, more pluralistic than their Abrahamic counterparts.  So as I mentioned above, the entire world having the pagan roots was greatly influenced by the Sanatana thoughts and the Sanskrit was the prominent language of the expression of these thoughts.  Hence a suitable title for this book can also be 'The Pagan World'.