Sanskrit, the mother of all languages.

 

Sanskrit is the mother of all languages.  There are large number words in different languages whose origin can be easily traced to the Sanskrit language.  Following is the list of such words.  These are some of the words out of thousands of such words who have their origin in the ancient language Sanskrit.  The journey of these Sanskrit root words through the different languages spoken across the world is quite interesting.  Some of the languages are briefly mentioned here.   Old Norse (ON): A North Germanic language that was spoken among the people of the Scandinavian peninsula and Denmark.   Old Slovenian or Slovenian (OSL/SL): Slavic people (Slavs) can be divided into three subgroups based upon their geographic and linguistic distribution: West Slavs (Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia), East Slavs (Russia, Belarus, Ukraine), and South Slavs (Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Slovenia).   Old High German (OHG): The language of southern Germany up to c. 1200, from which modern standard German is derived.   Gothic (GO): An extinct East Germanic language that was spoken by the Goths.   Toch or The Tocharian: Also known as Arśi-Kuči, Agnean-Kuchean or Kuchean-Agnean, are an extinct languages spoken by inhabitants of the Tarim Basin (now part of Xinjiang in northwest China) and the Lop Desert.   Latvian language (Lett): Also called Lettish, Latvian Latviesu Valoda, East Baltic language spoken primarily in Latvia.   Old Bulgarian (OB): South Slavic language written in the Cyrillic alphabet and spoken in Bulgaria and parts of Greece, Romania, Moldova, and Ukraine.   Welsh (W): Spoken natively in Wales, by some in England  and in Y Wladfa (the Welsh colony in Chubut Province, Argentina).   Umbrian is an extinct Italic language formerly spoken by the Umbri in the ancient Italian region of Umbria.   (OLD CELTIC): Celtic languages, also spelled Keltic, spoken throughout much of Western Europe in Roman and pre-Roman times and currently known chiefly in the British Isles and in the Brittany peninsula of northwestern France.   Old Frisian: An Old Germanic language, spoken along the mainland North Sea coast, as far south as the river 'Zwin' or, in Old Frisian, 'Sincfal', which is nowadays the border between the Netherlands and Belgium, and as far east as to the river Weser in Germany.
Frost, freeze, frozen, frosty	pṛṣva पृष्व
Fundamental, foundation, funds, founder, profound, profundity	budhna बुध्न
Arithmetic, arithmos, logarithm, logarithmic, arithmētica	Sanskrit alphabet aru ऋ meaning a cosmic order or arrangement.
Ardent, ardor, ardour, arid, aridity, arson, arsonist;	āsa आस (ashes, dust)   ardēre‘ means extreme dryness and hence ‘a burning heat’; ardēre‘leads to Old French ardor or ardour, Middle English ardure or ardeur and English ardour, ardor;   Ardēre became Old French ardre, past participle ars and the noun arson.
Augment, augmentation, augmentative, augur, auction, august, augustan, Augustine, author, authoritative, authority, authorize, authorization, auxiliary, inaugurate, inauguration	ukṣan उक्षन् (an ox or bull (as impregnating the flock in the veda- especially as drawing the chariot of uṣas (dawn);   Latin augēre (stem aug-) meaning to enlarge, increase;   Gothic aukan, Old Frisian āka, Old Norse auka (verb) and auki (noun), Old High German ouhhōn, Old English ēacan; Lith augti, to grow, high; Greek auxein (stem aux/ auks), to increase; Sanskrit uksati, he grows.  The Greek stem aux/auks probably also come from the Sanskrit ojas, strength.
agriculture, agrarian, culture, cultivate, cultivation, agriculturist, acre	ajra अज्र (a field, a plain)   Middle English aker, Old English aecer, Old Norse akr; Old High German achar, German Acker, Old Slovenian akkar, Gothic akrs all meaning ‘a field’; Latin ager, a field; Greek agros, a field.
Axis, axial, axilla, axil, axillary	akṣa अक्ष (an axle, axis)   Latin axis, adopted by English axial; axilla, armpit; axil, axillary, French axillaire ;   axis meaning axis/axle, Greek axōn, axle;   Old Prussian were the indigenous people that inhabited the region of Prussia at the south-eastern shore of the Baltic Sea.  In old Prussian, akṣa अक्ष became assis and in Lithuanian, ašis, Old High German ahsa.
Angle	Sanskrit  anka meaning a hook.
Aniline	Arabic al-nil, the (al) indigo plant: Sanskrit nīlī, indigo, from nīla, dark blue; Persian nīl, blue, nīlak, bluish, Arabic laylak, Spanish lilac, early French and English lilac.
Aqua, aqueous	Apas meaning water
Arduous	Sanskrit ūrdhvás, upright   Arduous comes from Latin arduus, high, steep, hence difficult and strenuous; Old Irish ard, high, and Greek ardis, a point.
Ariovistu, aristocrat	Sanskrit ārya, noble, a noble, an Aryan;   Avestin airya and Old Persian ariya, Persian Irān, Iran; Prefix ario in Celtic and Germanic e.g. Ariovistus.
Bake, baker, bakery	bhoga भोग, any object of enjoyment like food or a festival etc.   Bakery derives, with suffix -ery, from ‘to bake’; baker, however, derives from Old English baecere/bacan, to roast or bake, Old Norse baka, Old High German bahhan, German backen, Germanic root bak-, variant bōk
Ball, ballet	Bal (बल्) or balbalīti means to whirl round in a circle.   Old French bal/baler/baller, to dance: Late Latin ballāre;  Greek ballein/ ballizein, to dance;   Late Latin ballāre became Old Provencal balar, balada, a dancing song, Middle French balade, French ballade, Middle English balade, English ballad.   Late Latin ballāre passed into Italian ballo/ balletto, a dance, French and English ballet.
Ban, banish, bandit	Sanskrit bhánati, he speaks.   Middle English ban/bannen, to summon, interdict, curse; Old French ban, Late Latin bannum, Old Frisian, Old Slovenian, Old High German, Old Norse bann, a public prohibition.   Middle English bannen, Old English bannan, to summon by proclamation, Old Frisian banna, Old High German bannan, Old Norse banna, and Greek phanai, to say.   The Late Latin bannum/ bannīre, proclamation, Middle French banir/bannir, Middle English banishen, English, to banish; banishment; Middle French banissement, proclamation of a ban.   Late Latin bannīre/bandīre, Italian bandire, to banish and bandito, used in the sense of an outlaw.
Barbarian, barbaric, barbarous	barbara बर्बर, stammering   Greek barbaros, non-Greek, plural form is barbaroi; hoi barbaroi, the non-Greeks in the sense of ‘the unintelligibles’ or the stammerers.   Greek barbaros becomes Latin barbarus, English barbarous, barbarity and barbarian, French barbarian;   Greek barbarikos becomes Latin barbaricus and English barbaric, barbarizein, to behave or speak like a barbarian.   Latin barbaria, ‘barbarianness’, and hence used in the sense of foreign lands, Middle French barbarie, Barbaric, English Barbary, BABBLE and BABE.
Be, being, been, become,	bhū भू becoming being existing   Middle English been/beon, Old English bēon;  Old English bíom, Old High German bim,German bin, Old Irish biu, I am, Old Slovenian byti, to become or be Greek phunai (root phu-), to be born, to be, and Latin fui, I have been. The English words ARE, IS, WAS, being, been (Middle English ben or bin) are also derived from bhū.
Beacon, beck, beckon	bhā भा to shine, be bright or luminous    Middle English beknen, bekenen, Old English bēacnian/bēacen, a sign;  and bēacen/bēcen becomes Middle English bekene and ultimately beacon.   Old English bēacen/bēcen, Old Frisian bēken or bāken, Old Saxon bōkan, Old High German bouhhan/bouchen. bhā भा is the origin of the English words beckon and beck (a gesture used to signal, summon, or direct someone).
Bear	bhalla भल्ल (a bear) became Middle English bere, Old English bera, Old High German bero/ber, German Bär), Middle Dutch bare, bere, Dutch beer, Old Norse björn and ‘shebear’ bera.   babhru बभ्रु (deep-brown, reddish-brown, tawny )   babhru in the sense of ‘the brown animal’ can also be the origin of the word bear; the other words formed are Bruin, BROWN (German braun).
Beaver	babhru बभ्रु (deep-brown, reddish-brown, tawny )   Beaver, the rodent amphibian originates from the Middle English bever, Old English beofor, Old High German bibar (German Biber) and Old Norse biórr and Avestin bawra.   The beaver like bear is named due to its brown colour.
Bite, bed, fossil	bhid भिद्  to split, cleave, break, cut, pierce   bed derives from Old English beddian/bed/bedd, a bed, Old Frisian and Old Saxon bedd, Old High German betti/ bette, German Bett, Gothic badi, Old Norse bedr, a mattress, a feather-bed. Latin fodere, to dig (see FOSSIL), and Welsh bedd, a grave.   English fossil and French fossile originates from the Latin words fossilis ‘dug up’ and fodere ‘dig’.
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Sapphire	śanipriya, ‘dear to Saturn’ (śanis, the planet Saturn), hence, a sapphire.   In the semitic language Hebrew,  śanipriya  becomes sappīr.   Greek sappheiros , Latin sapphires and Late Latin saphīrus, Old French safir/saphir, English sapphire.
Saturn, Saturnalia, Saturnian, saturnine; Saturday, sapphire, sapphirine.	śanaiścara शनैश्चर the planet Saturn   Saturn, French Saturne, Latin Sāturnus.   Latin Sāturnus/sāturnius, English Saturnian; Early French saturnien.   Latin Sāturnīnus, of Saturn, French saturnin, English saturnine, gloomy (opposite jovial).   Latin Sāturnus becomes Sāturnālis/Sāturnālia, the festival or a carnival of Saturn.   Latin Sāturnus combines with Old English daeg, day, to form Saeternesdaeg, Saturn’s day.  Saeternesdaeg further contracted to Saeterndaeg and became Saeterdaeg, Middle English Saterdai and English Saturday.
Atoms	ātman आत्मन्, the non-material self, which never changes.  Atman in the sense of a uniform tattva pervading the whole body and owing to it being not divisible became the world atom.  Initially, the scientists assumbed that the atom is the smallest particle which can not be further subdivided.
Solar, Sun	Surya (r for l);   solar plexus, with ganglia radiating like rays from the sun), solarium, solarize, solanum, solanin.   Surya (r for l) becomes Sol, solstice, solstitial, Helios (ha for sa), heliacal, helium; Latin insolate, insolation, parasol. Greek aphelion and parhelion.
Hypnotism, sofa	Svapna, sleep, a dream, svápati, he sleeps.   Somnolence, somnolent; somnambulate, somnambulism, somniferous, somniloquy, somniloquous, somnolescent, somnolescence, insomnia, sopite, soporiferous, soporific, soporose; Hypnos (ha for sa), hypnosis, hypnotic, hypnotism, hypnotist, hypnotize.   Latin somnus, sleep, personified as Somnus, God of Sleep, Gr hupnos (ha for sa), English Hypnos, Latin sōpīre, to send to sleep, sōpor, something that induces sleep and hence a heavy sleep; Old Norse sofa, to sleep, and Old Norse svefn, Old English swefn, sleep, a dream, Slovenian sǔpati, to sleep, Lithuanian sapnas, a dream.   Greek hupnos has a derivative hupnoun, to put to sleep, hupnōtikos, tending to sleep, Late Latin hypnōticus, Early French hypnotique, English hypnotic; Greek hupnos, became hypnosis.
Therapeutic, therapy	dhṛt धृत् holding, bearing, supporting, wearing.   Therapeutic derives from Early French thérapeutique,Greek therapeutikos/ therapeutēs, a medical attendant, theraps, an attendant, Greek therapeia (medical) attendance, English therapy. Greek theraps, stem therap-.
Age, eternal, eternity	āyus आयुस् life, vigour, health, duration of life, long life   Greek aiōn/ aiwōn, Latin aeu-, Old High German ēwa, a long time, eternity, and Gothic aiw (always), Avestin āyu, life,  Old Norse ei (always).
Apt, aptness, aptitude, attitude, inept, ineptitude	Sanskrit āpta, fit, very suitable, and āpnoti, he reaches/attains/obtains.   Latin aptus, ‘fastened’, hence ‘well fastened’ hence ‘well fitted (for)’, was orig the past participle of apere, to tie or fasten.
Aqua, aquarium, aquarian, aquatic, aqueous, aquamarine	Sanskrit apas, water   Latin aqua, water, Gothic ahwa, river, Old Saxon and Old High German aha, river, and ouwa, watery meadow, Old Norse, sea.
Arithmetic, arithmetical, logarithm, logarithmic,	Sanskrit alphabet aru ऋ meaning a cosmic order or arrangement.   arithmetical and arithmetician:   Latin arithmētica; Greek arithmētikē, from arithmētikos, numerical, from arithmein, to number, from arithmos, (a) number; Old High German and Old Irish rīm, number; Logarithm, logarithmic, derives from logarithmus: Greek logos, account, proportion + arithmos:  logariasmos, a calculation
Myth, mythicism,  mythicist, mythicize, mythologic, mythology	mithyā मिथ्या invertedly, contrarily, incorrectly, wrongly, improperly   German mythos, Slovak mýtus, Portuguese mito, Indonesian mitos, Hungarian mítosz, Greek muthos/muthikos
Nail, agnail, unguis, ungula, ungulate	Sanskrit nakhás/nakhám, nail.   Lithuanian nāgas, Russian nogot, Latin unguis, Greek onux/onukh, Persian nāxun/nākhsun.   Old English angnaegl/Agnail.  In the sense of painful, the words anguish and ANGRY have originated.   Latin unguis, fingernail, toenail, claw, hoof; ungula, claw, Late Latom ungulātus, hoofed, English ungulate.
Nerve, nerval, nervate, nervation, nervine, nervose, nervosity, nervous, nervule, nervular, nervulose, nervus, nervy, enervate, enervation, innervate, innervations, innerve, neural, neuration,  neuric, neurine, neuritis, neuroid, neuroma, neuron, neuroism, neurosis, neuritis, neuroid, neuralgia, neuralgic, neurasthenia, neuropath, needle, needle-fish.	snāva स्नाव  a tendon, sinew, muscle, nerve.   Old French nerf, Middle Latin nervus, Latin neruus, a sinew and hence a nerve, Greek neuron/neur, a cord, fibre, nerve, Armenian neard, sinew, Avestin snāvarĕ, a strong cord, a tendon, Tokharin sñaura, nerves, Old High German senawa (German Sehne), a tendon.
Net, netting, nettle, node, nodal, nodosity,  nodule, nodular, nodulate, noose, nexus, annex, annexation, connect, connector, connection,  connective, connectivity, connex, connexity	nah नह् nahyati, to bind, tie, fasten.   Net, Old English net, Old Frisian net, Old Saxon netti, Old High German nezzi/netze, German Netz, Gothic nati, Middle Dutch nette, Dutch net, Old Norse net;   Latin nassa (probably for natta), a fish-basket, nōdus, a knot, Latin nectere, to bind.  In all these words, the basic idea is ‘to bind’ or ‘to knot’
Nether (lower), Netherlands, Netherlander,  nethermost, beneath, underneath, nestle, nestling, nidal, nidamental, nidation, nidatory, nidificant, nidificate, nidification, nidifugous, nidify, nidulant,  nidulus, nidus, niche	Sanskrit nitarām नितराम्, downwards. Middle English nethere, earlier nithere, Old English nithera/nither/nithor, Downward and English nether; Old English neothan, below, beneath, Old Frisian nether, nither, Old Saxon nithar, Old High German nidar/nider, German nieder, Middle Sanskrit  nidas,  seat, rest. Dutch neder, Old Norse nithr, down, further off. Old English nest, Old High German/German nest, English nest, Old Bulgarian gnězdo, Lithuanian lìzdas (for nizdas), Latin nīdus (for nisdus);  there are several Celtic cognates and Germanic roots originating from Sanskrit  nidas meaning a nest.
Nine, ninth, nineteen, ninety, ninetieth.   Latin November, novena, novenary, novendial, novennial.	navan नवन्, nine   Old English nigon/nigan, Middle English nine, Old Frisian nigun/niugun, Old Saxon nigun, Old High German niun/niun/niune, German neun, Gothic niun, Middle Dutch negene, Dutch negen; Old Norse nīu; Old Irish noi, Gaelic naoi/naoidh/naodh, Early Welsh/Welsh now, Cornish nau, naw, nawe, Breton nau; Latin nouem (Middle Latin novem), Greek ennea.
Nod, noddle, noddy	Sanskrit nauti/návate, he budges, he turns (the head).  ‘To nod’, Middle English nodden, Old High Ger,am hnōtōn, genutōn, to shake, Latin nutāre, to nod the head repeatedly, Greek neuein, to nod, from ‘to nod’ comes noddy, a simpleton; noddy, inclined to drowse, therefore only half-awake.   English noddy, noddle, noodle; German Nudel, vermicelli.
North, norther, northing, northerly, northern, Northman, norman, northward, Nordic, Norse, Norseman, Norway, Norwegian	uttara उत्तर, the north   Old English north, Old Frisian and Old Saxon north, Old High German nord/nort, German Nord, Old French north, French nord, Middle Dutch nort, later noort, Dutch noord, and Old Norse northr; further off.   Umbrian is an extinct Italic language formerly spoken by the Umbri in the ancient Italian region of Umbria. Within the Italic languages, it is closely related to the Oscan group.  In Oscan and Umbrian nertru, from the left; Greek nerteros, nether; basic idea of north is ‘left (with eastern orientation).
Nourish, nourishing, nourishment, nurse, nursemaid, nursing, nursery, nurture, nutrient, nutriment, nutrimental, nutrition, nutritious, nutritive,	snu स्नु (variant snauti/snute), to drip, distil, trickle, emit fluid, yield milk. Old French norrissement, from norrir/norir/nurir/nurrir (French nourrir), Middle English norisen, norischen, ‘to nourish’; Old French norir/nurir, Latin nūtrīre, to give milk to, hence to feed, to nourish; Latin nūtrīx, a nursing mother, a foster-mother; Latin natāre, to swim, nāre, to float, and Greek naein, to flow.
Ode, epode, palinode, comedy, comedian, comedic, comic, comical, melody, melodic, melodious, melodism, melodist, melodize, monody, monadic, parody, parodic, parodist, prosody, prosodic, rhapsody, rhapsodic, rhapsodical, rhapsodist, rhapsodize, tragedy, tragic, tragical	vad वद्, to speak, say, utter. Middle French/Fench Ode originates from Latin oda/odē, Greek ōidē, a song, especially if lyric; contraction of aoidē, from āeidein, to sing.   Greek ōidē and āeidein; Greek kōmōidia: kōmos, a musical and dancing festivity, which, as Kōmos, a god of festive mirth, yields Latin and hence English, Comus+ōidia, a singing: Latin comoedia, Middle French comedie (French comédie), English comedy. The derivative Greek adjective kōmōidikos, Latin comoedicus, becomes comedic. Early French/French comédien/comédienne, English comedian, comedienne. Greek prosōidia, a song (from ōidē) becomes Latin prosōdia, (Early French/French prosodie and) English prosody; Greek prosōidiakos becomes Late Latin prosōdiacus and English prosodiac.   Greek rhapsōidia (from rhapsōidos, a rhapsodist; rhaptein, to sew, hence to unite) becomes Latin rhapsōdia, Early French rhapsodic (French rapsodie), English rhapsody.   Greek thrēnōidia, a song of thrēnos or lamentation, yields threnody. Greek thrēnos, a dirge (a song or hymn of grief or lamentation), Late Latin thrēnus, English threne (French thrène), has adjective thrēnikos, Late Latin thrēnicus, English threnic; the modified Greek adjective thrēnetikos becomes threnetic.
Orphan, orphanage, orb (in Arch),  robot	arbha अर्भ, little, small, unimportant.   Orphan derives from Late Latin orphanus, Greek orphanos, orphaned, an orphan (stem orphan, root orph); Armenian orb, an orphan, and Latin orbus, deprived, especially of one’s parents.   The Sanskrit word árbha means little/weak/a child. A different sense-development has taken place in Old High German arbi, erbi, German Erbe, Gothic arbi, Old Irish orbe, inheritance, and Old High German arbeo, German Erbe, Gothic arbja, Old Irish orbe, heir.   Latin orbus, bereft, becomes Old French orb, Middle French orbe, blind, French orbe, lightless, blank; the old Arch orb, a recessed panel.   Gothic arbi, arbja becomes Gothic arbaiths, labour, toil, trouble, distress, Old High Germna arabeit, Middle High German arebeit (German Arbeit, work), Old SIovenian rabota, Czechoslovak (and Polish) robota, servitude, forced labour.
38. abdomen	Dhāráyati धारयति (root dhṛ धृ, to maintain, to hold.   abdere (ab+dare)
Agent, agency, agential, agenda	aj अज् to drive, propel, throw.   Agenda, things to be done has been adopted from agendus, gerundive (in Latin grammar, an adjective formed from a verb) of agere, to drive or lead, hence to act or do. The past participle actus leads into the ACT group; agens/agentis yields the agent and (Middle Latin agens); agential yields the Middle Latin agentia, English agency.   Latin agere (stem ag-), Greek agein (stem ag-), to lead or drive, Old Norse aka (stem ak-), to drive, Armenian acem (stem ac-), I lead, Old Irish ad-aig, he leads or rushes towards.
Amazon	The Sanskrit word mada मद means hilarity/ rapture/excitement/intoxication). Its variant madana मदन means passion/love or the God of love. mada मद is the origin of Greek and Latin mazos (breast).   mada मद is the origin of Greek/Latin word Amazōn (a+mazos). Today, the word Amazon means a strong and independent woman. Earlier, a-mazos meaning “not touching” was used for Greek female warriors who did not touch the men and had a separatist lifestyle.   mada मद became Amazon which today means power/greatness and is also used to describe a strong woman. The largest South American river Amazon was named when Spanish Christian missionaries spotted tribeswomen with bows and arrows on the river’s banks in the 16th century.
Anthology, anthological	Sanskrit ándhas, 'herb, plant'
Arm	īrma ईर्म (arm) becomes Greek arthron (joint), Latin armus (shoulder); Latin ars (a way of being or of acting, hence a skill, hence talent). īrma ईर्म is the origin of English words Art, artifice, artificial, artisan, artist, inert, inertia, arm and article.   Middle English arm, Old English earm, arm, Germanic. armaz ( Middle Dutch, German Arm, Old Norse armr, Old Frisian erm), Avestin arma, arəmo "arm; Armenian armuku "elbow;" Greek arthron "a joint;" Latin armus "shoulder;" and English arm.
Art, artful, artless, arty; artifice, artificer, artificial, artificiality; artisan; artist, artiste, artistic, artistry; the element arti-;—inert, inertia, inertial; ARM and ARTICLE.	īrma ईर्म (arm)   Latin ars, as in ars poetica, the poetic art, old/stem art-/artem, Old French and English art; and ars, a way of being or of acting, hence a skill, hence talent, has root ar-;  armus (ARM), and artus, a joint, hence a limb, Greek arthron "a joint;" Latin armus "shoulder, English arm.
Mime,	The Sanskrit word Māyā माया means illusion/ deception/trick/magic. Māyā is the origin of English word Mime which means the use of movements of hands/body/the expression on one’s face to tell a story.   Māyā माया (illusion/deception/magic) becomes Greek mimeisthai (to imitate), Bulgarian izmama (deception) and English mimesis, mimetic, mimic, mimicry, mimosa and mimeograph (a copying device).
Shed, to separate, to pour forth, cast off; shedder and shedding; watershed; shingle (of a roof), hence a signboard, also a short haircut, scissile, scission, scissura, scissure; scind abscind, abscissa, abscis-sion—   rescind, rescission, rescissory;—schedule, schism, schismatic; schist, schistose; schizoid, schizont; schists	chid छिद् to cut off, amputate, cut through, hew, chop, split, pierce.
Spleen, spleenic, splenetic	plihan प्लिहन्, the spleen    English spleen, the milt, formerly reputed to be the source or seat of emotions ranging from violent mirth to ill-temper and anger ( ‘to vent one’s spleen’), Old French esplen, Late Latin splēn, Greek splēn, Avestin spereza, Old Slovenian slezena, Old Irish selg, Latin lēn, with b for p, the Lithuanian blužnis.
Stare	Sanskrit sthiráš, strong Old English starian, Old High German starēn, German starren, Middle Dutch starren/staren, Late German staren, Old Norse   stara, German starr, stiff, Old Norse stōrr, big, proud, Lithuanian stóras, thick, Greek stereos, hard.  Sanskrit sthiráš, strong is also the origin of STARCH
Stay, steel	Sanskrit  stákati, ‘resist, strike against’ Middle English stele, stel, from Old English (North) stēle, (South) stȳle, from Proto-Germanic *stahlijan (West Frisian stiel), enlargement of *stahlan (Dutch staal, German Stahl, Danish stål) (Umbrian stakaz ‘upright, erected’, Avestan staxra ‘strong’. English stay, Middle French estate (French étai), a prop (a pole or beam used as a temporary support or to keep something in position),  Middle French estaier (French étaier), to prop up, to support, English ‘to stay’, the Middle French noun estate, Middle Dutch staeye, English stand.
Sternal (Of or pertaining to the sternum, especially the breast-bone of vertebrates)	Skt stirnás, strewn Old High German stirna/stirne, German Stirn, the forehead, Old English steornede, having a broad forehead, and Latin sternere,to spread out.
Star	stṛ स्तृ a star (as the"light-strewer"or the"scattered ones")
Strew, stretch, stretcher and stretching; straggle, straggler; straight,  straighten and straightness; strake; streek strow; past tense strewed; past participle strewn ; straw, stroma	strnoti  (variant strnáti), he strews or scatters Middle English strewen (variant strawen), Old English streāwian, variant streōwian, Old Frisian strēwa, Old Saxon strōian, OHG strewēn, MHG ströuwen, German   streuen, Go straujan, MD struwen, strouwen, stroyen, strooyen, D strooijen, ON strā; L sternere, pp strātus (see STRATUM), spread, and struere (stem and root stru-), to pile up (see STRUCTURE); to Gr strōnnunai, perh a metathesis of the var stornunai
Sty	(3), to ascend (obs), ME styen, stien, OE stīgan (cf prec), akin to the syn OHG stīgan (G steigen), OFris stīga, Go steigan, ON stīga, themselves akin to Gr steikhein, to go, to walk, and Skt stighnōti, he walks, he climbs.  Gr steikhein, to walk (make a long line of steps), is Gr stikhos, a line, a row, whence, prob via LL stichus, a line of writing, the E stick, a line of verse: cf both distich, a two-line group, esp the couplet, L distichon, Gr distikhon, prop the neu of the adj distikhos (di-, two-), having two lines, and acrostic
Suave, suavity—cf sweet (adj, hence n and obsol v), whence sweeten, sweetness (OE swētness), and many cpds, e.g. sweetbread, sweetheart, sweetmeat, sweet pea, sweetsop; suade, suasible, suasion, suasive—assuage, assuagement, assuasive— dissuade, dissuasion, dissuasive—persuade (whence persuadable and persuader), persuasible, persuasion, persuasive;—hedonic, hedonism, hedonist(सुखवादी, भोगवादी).	suave comes from ML suāvis, neu suāve, L suāuis, suāue; and suavity adapts OF-F suavité, from ML suāvitatem, acc of suāvitās, L suāuitās, from suāuis, sweet to taste and smell, gentle or soft to the touch, agreeable to the eye. 2. Akin to L suāuis is E sweet, ME swete, var swote, from OE swēte, adv swōte: cf OFris swēte, OS swōti, OHG swuozi, suozi, MHG süeze, G süss, Go süts, MD suete, soete, soet, zoete, D zoet, ON soetr.   Skt svādús, var svādvt, sweet: cf Skt svādatē, he takes pleasure in or is pleased to, and svādma, sweetness
Suck, sucker and the pa, vn sucking—whence also the freq (-le) ‘to suckle’, whence suckler and the pa, vn suckling—cf honey-suckle; soak (v, hence n), whence soakage, soaker, pa and vn soaking;—succulent (containing a lot of juice and tasting very good), whence succulence, with var succulency; suction, whence, imm, suctional and, anl, the Zoo Suctoria.	sūpa सूप Definition: m. (of doubtful derivation see sūda-;in   said to be fr.3. su-,"to distil") sauce, soup, broth (especially prepared from split or ground pease etc. with roots and salt)       etc.   OIr sūg-, Ga sūgh, juice; Lith sùkt, to suck; L sūgere, to suck
Summer, summery; gossamer, gosmore	1. Summer, ME sumer (var somer), OE sumer, sumor, is akin to OFris sumur, OS sumar, OHG sumar, MHG sumer, G Sommer, MD sommer, somer, MD-D zomer, ON sumar (with modern Scan cognates); OIr sam and, with abstract suffix -rad, samrad (Ga sàmhradh), OC *samo-, there being the normal h-for-s variation in W and Cor hāf, Cor and Br hān; Arm ama n; Av hama, summer, and Skt sámā, a year, a half-year, a season
Sun, sunny, Sunday	L sōl Gr hēlios, s hēli-, r hēl-; the Sun God, therefore, is Hēlios. The derivative Gr adj is hēliakos, whence Astron heliac, extn heliacal. The c/f of hēlios is hēlio-
Sweat, sweaty	n (whence sweaty) and v. ‘To sweat,’ ME sweten, OE swāētan, derives from the OE n swāt, whence ME swot, whence, after the v sweat, the E sweat. The OE n swāt is akin to OFris and OS swēt, OHG-MHG sweiz, G Schweiss, MD swete, sweit, sweet, MD-D zweet, ON sveiti (cf Sw svett): cf L sūdor, n, sūdāre, v; cf also Skt svēdas
Tame, tameness,  adj (whence tameness) and v (whence tamer); domitable and indomitable.—Cf the sep ADAMANT (where DIAMOND)—DOE—DOMESTIC (where DAME).	‘To tame’ derives from ME tamen (cf MD tamen), from the ME—whence E—adj tame: OE tam, akin to ON tamr, MD tem, taem, MD-D tam, OHG-MHG zam, G zahm; also to the vv ON temja, OHG zemmen, G zähmen, Go gatamjan, L domāre, Gr daman, to subdue or tame, Skt dāmayáti, he tames, he is tame, OIr domnaim, I bind fast, and Hit damass-, tamass-, to oppress L domāre, to tame, has the app freq, yet syn, derivative domitāre, whence *domitābilis and LL indomitābilis, untamable: whence E domitable and indomitable.
Tear, tore, torn	G zehren, to consume, use up, Go gataíran, to destroy, MD eeren, MD-D teren, to consume, ON taera, to use, to use up—also to OHG zerrēn, MHG-G zerren, to pull about, to tear; OB derö, I tear, and Lith dirti, to flay; Arm terem, I flay; Gr derō, I flay; Skt dṝ दॄ dṛṇāti- to burst, break, split open
Technic, adj (with extn technical, whence technicality) and n (cf technics)—technician— technique; cf the element techni-, var techno-, where see, e.g. technology; tectonic, adj and n (usu in pl), architectonic, adj and n (cf architectonics)—architect, architecture (whence architectural); test (a shell, a cupel, a trial), testaceous, testudo—cf tester, testy, tête-à-tête; text, textile (adj, hence n), textual, texture (whence textural)— context (whence, anl, contextual), contexture—pretext, n, hence v; tissue, whence tissual; toga; toil, a snare, usu in pl—toilet, toilette; telary (with derivative syn telarian)—cf tiller of a boat; cf the sep subtle; tectum, tegula, tegument, tile (n, hence v)—thatch, n and v (whence thatcher)—cpds detect, detection, detective, detector, and protect, protection, protective, protector (whence protectorate).	takṣan तक्षन् a wood-cutter, carpenter, takṣaka तक्षक Gr tekhnē (s and r tekhn-, extn of tekh-), a working with the hands, a craft, manual skill, an art, art, is akin to Gr tektōn, Skt takṣaka तक्षक, a carpenter, a builder, and Skt , he forms, constructs, carpenters; phon id with táksati is L texere, to weave, hence, fig, to construct, with pp textus. Cf also the Hit takkss- (taks-), to join, build   The interrelationships of Gr tekhnē, a manual skill, and Gr tektōn, a carpenter, with L tegere, to cover, and L texere, to weave, are not entirely clear: but that the two L words are related to each other, and the Gr to the L, can hardly be doubted
Theos: cf THEISM
Bigot	With begad perh cf bigot, adopted from OF-F. In C12, bigot was an insult addressed by Frenchmen to Normans; the word then went underground for three centuries. OF bigot prob, but no more than prob, represents OE-ME bi god (or God). The sense ‘superstitious hypocrite’ (hence that of ‘religious fanatic’) perh comes from the violent contrast between rough, uncivilized men’s religious invocations and their crude behaviour; cf the C14 F godon, Englishman, from his addiction to God damn (it). Derivative late MF-F bigoterie accounts for E bigotry
Gospel	gospel, ME gospel, earlier godspel, derives from OE godspell, perh godspell, God’s tidings,  god spell, good tidings ( GOOD and SPELL), gossip (Middle English gossib, earlier godsib) derives from Old English godsibb, a person spiritually related to God. Old English sibb; sib, a relation, Old High German sippa, Middle High German sippe, consanguinity, German Sippe, one’s kin, and Old Frisian sibbe, Old Saxon sibbea and Gothic sibja; Sanskrit sabhā सभा, a place for public meetings, large assembly-room or hall—are all notoriously inter-related.
Gold	gold (n, hence adj) -goldsmith; golden -Golden Age, the;—gild, v, pp gilded or gilt, the latter used derivatively, now usu as n; gall; guilder, golden.—yellow (adj, hence n and v); yolk. 1. Gold, OE gold, is akin to OFris, OS, OHG and G gold, Go gulth, ON gull; is seen in OS and OHG gelo, MHG gel, G gelb, yellow, akin to OE geolo, geolu, ME yelwe, later yelow, E yellow, and to ON gull, gold, gulr, yellow. Cf, further, L heluus (adj), pale-yellow, and Gr khloos (s khlo-, ? for *khelo-), a greenish-yellow colour (cf the sep CHLORAL-CHLORINE group), and Skt hari, yellow, and hiranya, gold. 2. OE geolu (s geol-) yellow, has derivative geoleca, contr to geolca, whence ME yelke, later yolke, whence E yolk, the yellow part of an egg. 3. Intimately akin to OE geolu is OE gealla, ME galla, gal, E gall, bile; cf OHG and OS galla, G Galle, ON gal; cf also L fel and Gr kholē (cf the sep CHOLER and, at the element mela-, melano-, the cpd melancholy). 4. To return to gold: the cpds are self-evident; goldsmith, however, descends straight from OE and has an id OFris cognate. 5. ME gold has adj golden; the var ME gulden derives from OE gylden. E golden appears in many fig terms, as, e.g., the golden age, imitative of L aureus, golden, used with aetās, age, or saecula, centuries, or tempus, time. 6. OE gold has derivative v gyldan, to overlay thinly with gold, hence as if with gold; hence ‘to gild’. (For gilt, cf heading.) 7. D and G gulden, golden, hence a gold coin, has—but only in E—the monetary var guilder. The MHG guldēn is elliptical for guldēn phenninc, lit ‘golden penny Slovak: zlato Latin: aurum Hungarian: arany
Grace	gūrta गूर्त approved, welcome, agreeable, Latin gratus grace graceful and graceless,  disgrace, disgraceful; gracious, graciosity; grate, grateful, gratitude, ingrate, ingratitude, ingratiate, ingratiation, ingratiatory; gratify, gratification; gratis, gratuitous, gratuity; gratulatory—cf congratulate, congratulation, congratulatory. 1. Grace, adopted from OF-MF (F grace), derives from L grātia, gratitude, something that merits gratitude, a service rendered, hence influence, credit, favour, from grātus, received with favour, agreeable, (also) conscious of favour, prob akin to Skt gūrtás, celebrated (in religious sense), pleasing, dear, gír (gen girás), a song of praise, , he sings of, praises, and Lith girtì, to praise, and girtas, celebrated, dear. (E & M, after Walde.) 2. OF grace has derivative MF gracier, whence ‘to grace’. 3. L grātia becomes It grazia, whence disgrazia (L dis-), whence EF-F disgrâce, whence E disgrace; and It disgrazia has derivative disgraziare, whence EF-F disgrâcier, whence ‘to disgrace’. 4. L grātia (s grāti-) has derivative adj grātiōsus, in favour, amiable, whence OF-MF gracious (whence F gracieux), adopted by E. Derivative late MF-F gracieuseté leads to E graciosity, much rarer than graciousness (gracious+-ness). 5. L grātus becomes the long-obs E grate, agreeable, grateful, whence grateful itself; gratitude, however, perh via MF-F, comes from LL grātitūdō (from grātus). 6. L grātus has neg ingrātus (in-, not), whence MF-F ingrat, f ingrate, whence E ingrate; derivative LL ingrātitūdō yields, perh via MF-F, the E ingratitude. But ‘to ingratiate’ is an E formation—a cpd of in, into+gratia, favour: to bring into favour, usu reflexiveiy (ingratiate oneself). 7. L grātus has the cpd grātificus, favour-making, gratitude-causing (cf the element - fic), with derivative grātificāri, to render a service to, to please by doing so, whence MFF gratifier, whence ‘to gratify’; derivative L grātificātiō, o/s grātificātiōn-, yields—perh via MF-F—gratification. 8. L grātia has abl pl grātiis, with favours, graciously, freely; its contr grātis, used as adv, has been adopted in various IE languages. 9. App from a lost s *gratu- comes L grātuītus, freely rendered (cf fortuītus from fort-, o/s of fors, chance): whence E gratuitous (cf the late MF-F gratuit). Derivative ML grātuītās, o/s grātuītāt-(cf the late MF-F gratuité), accounts for E gratuity, orig graciousness, a gracious act, debased to a tip or even a bribe. 10. L grātia has derivative grātulāri, to render thanks (to the gods), to felicitate, with presp grātulans, o/s grātulant-, whence the literary adj gratulant, and with pp grātulātus, whence ‘to gratulate’; derivative grātulātiō, o/s grātulātiōn-, becomes gratulation, and LL grātulātōrius becomes gratulatory. 11. Grātulāri has cpd congrātulāri, to felicitate warmly (con- implies ‘thoroughly’),
Hall	hall , whence, via Goldsmiths’ Hall (where gold and silver articles were formerly stamped), hallmark; hell, whence hellish and such cpds as hellcat, hellfire, hellhound (OE helle hund); hold of a ship; hole, n (whence adj holey) and v; hollow, adj, whence n and v, and hollowness; howe; hulk, n, hence v; hull, n, hence v (whence hiller).—cell, cellular, cellule, Celluloid, cellulose; cellar (n, hence v), cellarage, cellarer; occult, adj (hence n) and v, occultation, occultism, occultish; clandestine.—Cf the sep: CALYPSO and CILIARY (and SUPERCILIOUS) and COLOR (AE), COLOUR (n and v), COLO(U) RABLE, COLORADO, COLORATION, COLORATURA, and CONCEAL and HELMET. Gr kaluptein and L celāre, to hide, Gr kalia, a hut, Gr koleos, a sheath, L cella, small room, cellar, (LL) cell, L cilium, eyelid, L occultāre, to conceal.  Skt sala , a house. 2. Hall, a large house, but esp a large, high apartment or room, comes, through ME halle or hal, from OE heal or heall, akin to OS and OHG halla, MHG-G halle, a hall, and ON höll, a large house. 3. Hell, orig the place of the dead, comes unchanged from OE and is akin to OFris helle, OS hellia, OHG hellia, hella, MHG helle, G Hölle, MD helle, hille, (as in D) hel, Go halja, hell, and ON Hel, the goddess of the dead; cf also OIr cel, death, and celim, I conceal (OE helan). 4. Although the -d is caused by hold, to contain, a ship’s hold derives, through ME hol or holl, from MD hool, hole, (as D) hol, hole in the ground, hence hold of a ship (hole, or hollow part). 5. Intimately related to this hold, therefore, is hole, ME hol or hole, OE hol, a hole or a cavern, from the OE adj hol, hollow: cf MHG hol, a cave, prop the OHG-MHG adj hol, hollow, used as n, the G adj being hohl and the G n being the very closely related Höhle; cf also the ON adj halr and Go ushulōn, to hollow out, and esp OFris hol, hollow, also a hollow. The OE n hol has derivative v holian, whence ‘to hole’. 6. Akin to the OE adj hol is the OE holh, a hollow, whence the ME adj holgh, later holow, E hollow. 7. Howe, a depression or hollow in land, e.g. a shallow valley, is a Sc derivative (adj before n) from OE hol, a hole. 8. Certainly akin to the prec Gmc words, esp to hell, is hull; prob akin, esp to hole, is hulk, orig a ship, esp if heavily built, now the carcase of a wrecked or dismantled or abandoned ship, hence any clumsily bulky person or thing, from ME hulke, a heavy ship, sense-shifted (cf RUM, adj) from OE hulc, a light and speedy ship, akin to MD hulc, hulke, holc, and OHG holcho. 9. Hull, orig a husk or a pod, hence the frame of a ship, derives, via ME hul, from OE hulu, akin to OHG hulla, MHG-G hulle, a covering, a sheath, a husk, G hullen, Go huljan, OS hullian, OFris hella, to cover, also OE and OS helan, OFris hela, to cover, conceal, hide; therefore cf E hell. Latin 10. Akin to OE helan is the syn L celāre, affecting E mostly in the cpd concelāre; see the sep CONCEAL, 11. Either deriving from or intimately cognate with L celāre is L cella, whence, via OF-EF then ME celle, the E cell. The dim cellula becomes EF-F and E cellule and has, in F, the derivative adj cellulaire, whence E cellular; likewise F is cullulose (Chem -ose); Celluloid, with suffix -oid, is a trade-name. 12. L cella, in its sense ‘a (small) store-room’, has derivative adj cellānus, with neu cellārium used as n ‘pantry’, whence OF-MF celier (EF-F cellier), whence ME celer, celier, whence E cellar, now esp a wine-cellar, whence cellarage (collective -age). Cellarer derives from OF-MF celerier, from celier; perh prompted by LL cellārius, keeper of a (wine-)cellar, prop the adj used as n. 13. L celāre, to hide, has derivative adv clam (for *celam: complementary to palam, publicly, openly), secretly, very much in private. Hence the adj clandestīnus (forminfluenced by intestīnus, internal): whence, perh via MF-F clandestin, the E clandestine. 14. The L s cel- has var cul- in occulere (oc- for ob-, as in obstruct), to cover up, obscure, hide, with pp occultus, whence the E adj occult. ‘To occult’ derives, however, from L occultāre, to conceal, hide, an int of occulere; on occultāt-, s of pp occultātus, arises occultātiō, o/s occultātiōn-, whence E occultation; occultism and occultist derive from adj occult.
hora , horal, horary (adj, hence n); horoscope—cf the 1st element horo-, q.v. for horologe; hour, whence hourglass and hourly;—yore; year (whence yearling—cf the n suffix - ling), yearly.	horā होरा, an hour (the 24th part of an aho-rātra-) hora, a book of hours, Latin hōra, an hour, with adjj hōrālis, whence horal, and hōrārius, whence horary. 2. Latin hōra derives from Greek hōra , a season, hence a period of the day, an hour, whence Hōrai, the three goddesses presiding over the seasons of the year, whence also the cpd hōroskopos, lit ‘hour-surveyor’ (cf SCOPE and the element -scope), that part of a zodiacal sign which comes above the horizon at a given moment, hence a diagram that, showing the twelve signs in position, enables astrologers to predict a person’s life, a sense occurring already in Gr, whence the L hōroscopus (cf the LL hōroscopīum, an instrument for casting nativities), whence EF-F, hence E, horoscope, the adj horoscopic going back, through LL hōroscopicus, to Gr hōroskopikos. 3. L hōra becomes OF hore, varr ore, ure, whence ME hore (varr ure, our), later hour, E hour. 4. With Gr hōra, a season of the year, cf OE gēar 3. L hōra becomes OF hore, varr ore, ure, whence ME hore (varr ure, our), later hour, E hour. 4. With Gr hōra, a season of the year, cf OE gēar, whence, through ME yeer, yer, the E year; the derivative OE adj gēarlīc, ‘year-like’, becomes E yearly, and the derivative OE adv gēara, formerly, becomes ME yare, whence EE yore, extant only in of yore, lit ‘from formerly’, hence ‘long ago’. 5. OE gēar, a year, is akin to OFris jēr (iēr), OS jār, OHG-MHG jār, G Jahr, Go jēr, MD jaer, jair, D jaar, and ON ār (for *jār): cf also OSl jara, Pol jar, Cz jaro, Spring, and Av yāre, Skt -yār- in cpds, Gr hōros, a year, pl hōroi, annals, which brings us back to Gr hōra, a season of the year (esp Spring), part of a day, esp an hour, L hōra, F heure (OF hore, ure, eure, etc.), E hour, as in paras 1–3, esp 2. The Gmc r is app *jāēr
Igneous	igneous ; ignescent; ignite, ignition; cf L ignis fatuus, ‘foolish [cf FATUITY] fire’, the gleam (E will-o’-the-wisp) that, arising from marshy ground, tends to mislead travellers; cf the element igne(o)-or igni-. L ignis, fire, a fire, IE etymon *egnis: cf Skt agnís, fire; Hit Agnis (? Fire-God); OSl ogni, Lith ugnis, Lett uguns, fire. Derivative adj igneus becomes E igneous; derivative ignītus, on fire, leads to LL ignīre, to set on fire, pp ignītus, whence ‘to ignite’; (from ignis) inch LL ignescere, to become hot, catch fire, has presp ignescens, o/s ignescent-, whence the E adj ignescent. Ignition, E and F, app derives from L ignītus, but as if from L *ignītīo, o/s * ignītiōn-.
light (3), n, brightness—adj, bright—v, to illuminate (whence the vn lighting), to shine; lighten—enlighten, enlightenment; lightning; leven or levin; lea (meadow); Loki—L: lux; lucent; Lucia, Lucius, Lucy; Lucifer; lucid, lucidity; lucubrate, lucubration; luminary, luminous; luna, lunacy, lunar, lunatic (‘loony’), lunation, lunette—cf demilune and sublunary; luster (AE), lustre, lustrous perh luxuriant, luxuriate, luxurious, luxury, de luxe.—L cpds: elucidate, elucidation, elucidatory—illume, illuminant, illuminate, illuminati, illumination, illuminative, illuminator, illumine— limn—illustrate, illustration, illustrative, illustrator, and illustrious.—pellucid.—Gr: leucite, leucoma, leukemia, cf the element leuco-; lynx, whence the adj lyncean.	Germanic and Indo-European 1. Both ‘to light’, illumine, OE , līhtan, and light, bright, derive from OE lēoht, illumination, ME liht, later light, retained by E: and OE lēoht is akin to OFris liācht (n, light, a candle, and adj, bright), OS lioht, OHG lioht, MHG lieht, G Licht, light, a candle, Go liuhath, MD lucht, locht(e), lecht, liecht, (as in D) licht, with adj lucht, liechte, lichte, and differently suffixed ON līos (ljōs), a light; to OIr lōche, brightness, lócharn, a light, a lamp (cf the F lucarne); to OSl luči, light (n), luča, a ray of light; to Arm lois, leys, a light, with gen lusoy, L lūx (gen lūcis), a light, brightness, lūcēre, to shine; Gr leukos, shining, white; Skt rōčís (for *raučís for *leukís), a light, , it shines, , brilliant, Hit lukke-, to be light, to become day, lukkes-, to become light, lukitta, next day; Tokh A luk-, to shine. The Gmc r is *liuh-; the IE r, *leuk-. (Walshe.) The word is perh Medit: ? cf the Eg metathetic complements ukheb, ubekh, to shine, to be bright, andLatin 6. The L r is lūc-, seen basically in lūcēre, to shine, and lūx (for *lūcs; gen lūcis), light, esp that of day. Prob from lūx are the PNN Lūcius, f Lūcia (whence F Lucie, E Lucy); certainly a cpd is the adj lūcifer, light-bringing (c/f lūci-+-fer, -bringing), whence Lūcifer, the Morning Star; Lūcifer, Satan, is a creation of EcclL. 7. Lūcēre, to shine, has presp lūcens, o/s lūcent-, whence the E adj lucent, whence lucence, usu lucency. 8. Lūcēre has derivative adj lūcidus, shining, brilliant, dazzling-clear, whence late MFF lucide and E lucid; derivative LL lūciditas, o/s lūciditāt-, becomes late MF-F lucidité and E lucidity. 9. The L r lūc- prob appears in lūmen (? for *lūcmen), light, usu a light, o/s lūmin-, adj lūminōsus, whence MF-F lumineux, f lumineuse, whence E luminous; subsidiary ML lūminōsitās, o/s lūminōsitāt-, becomes luminosity. Lūmen has the further adj *lūmināris, neu lūmināre, as in the n lūmināre, a torch, usu in pl lūmināria, whence OF-MF luminarie (cf F luminaire), whence E luminary. Lūmen has also the deriv v lūmināre, to illumine, presp lūminans, o/s lūminant-, whence the E adj, hence n, luminant; pp lūminātus, whence ‘to luminate’; derivative LL lūminātiō, o/s lūminātiōn-, becomes lumination, and LL lūminātor, giver of light, adopted by, though now obs at, the University of St Andrews. Luminescence derives from luminescent, as if from *lūminescent-, o/s of * lūminescens, presp of *lūminescere, to begin to grow light, inch of lumināre. Cf the ilium- cpds in para 16. 10. Lūx, o/s lūc-, has derivative lūcubrum, a small fire, ? hence a lamp, lamp-light, whence lūcubrāre, to work by lamp-light, pp lūcubrātus, used by LL as adj ‘(of a literary work) carefully composed’, whence the E literary adj and n lucubrate; derivatives lūcubrātiō, o/s lūcubrātiōn-, and lūcubratōrius (adj suffix -ōrius) yield lucubration and lucubratory. 11. L lūna, the moon, prop ‘the luminous’, represents either a contr of *lūcěna or orig the f of an adj *lūnus, with -na the f of the IE adj formative -no-. The OF-F form lune is adopted by Geom and, in the cpd demilune (‘half-moon’), by fortification; the late OF-F   Latin compounds 15. L lūcidus has LL derivative ēlūcidāre, to bring the inner lux or light ē or out of, to explain thoroughly esp a difficult matter, pp ēlūcidātus, whence ‘to elucidate’, whence, anl, elucidation (perh after EF-F élucidation) and elucidatory. 16. L lūmināre gives way to the orig int (il- for in-) illūmināre, whence OF-F illuminer, whence ‘to illumine’; the pp illūminātus yields both the adj (hence n) and v illuminate and also, partly via It, illuminati, lit ‘persons lit up’. Derivatives LL illūminātio (o/s illūminātion-) and LL illūminātor, shedder of light, ML illuminator of books, lead, the former prob via OF-F, to illumination and illuminator; and illuminative perh owes something to F illuminatif, f -ive. 17. ML illūmināre, to illuminate books (sem from the bright initial capital letters affected by medieval scribes), becomes MF enluminer (in OF, to render brilliant, to light up, from the L senses of inlūmināre, a mostly learned var of illūmināre), whence ME enluminen, whence, by aphesis, luminen, duly contr and thinned to late ME limnen, whence ‘to limn’; luminen has agent luminer, whence, anl, limner. 18. L lustrum (see para 13) has two int derivatives in il- (for in-, into): illustris (s illustr-), very luminous, brilliant, hence famous, whence both MF-F illustre and E illustrious; illustrāre, to render very luminous, hence brilliant, hence illustrious, hence, in late ML
Nymph, lymph	lymph , lymphatic; limpid, limpidity; nubile, whence nubility; nuptial (adj, hence n, esp in pl); connubial;—nymph. 1. The n lymphatic derives from the adj, itself from L lymphaticus, distracted, frantic, (love-)mad, a sense obs in E, the E adj going back to the sense of the source: L lympha, water, whence EF-F lymphe and E lymph, (poetic and obsol for) water, with that special sense in An and Physio which affects the adj in ‘lymphatic ducts and l. system’. L lympha is perh a LGr reshaping of OL limpa, var of lumpa, a dissimilation of Gr numphē, a goddess of moisture, of springs, etc. 2. OL limpa app acquires the L adj limpidus, water-like, hence as clear as water, whence, prob via late MF-F limpide, the E limpid; derivative LL limpiditās, o/s limpiditāt-, becomes late EF-F limpidité and E limpidity. 3. Gr numphē, goddess of waters, hence a nymph, also a young girl, becomes L nympha, nymph, young woman, bride, whence OF, hence ME, nimphe, E nymph (cf F nymphe), with adj nymphal (cf LL nymphālis, of a spring); the adj nymphean goes back to Gr numphaios. 4. Gr numphē is akin to Gr nuos, Arm nu (gen nuoy), L nurus, daughter-in-law, Alb nuse, bride. The IE r is app *neu-, with s- var *sneu-: cf ON snor, OHG snur, G Schnur, Skt snusa, daughter-in-law. (Hofmann.) 5. The IE *neu- occurs in L nūbere (s nūb-, r nū-), to marry, whence nūbilis, (of a girl) able to marry, whence EF-F and E nubile. The cpd cōnūbium (co- for con-, from cum, with), marriage, has adj cōnubiālis, later connubiālis, whence E connubial. 6. L nūbere, to marry, has pp nuptus, whence nuptiae (f pl), a wedding, with adj nuptiālis, whence MF-F and E nuptial.
Mithra is Mithras: L from Gr Mithras: OPer Mithra, a Per god of light, akin to the Ve Mitra, an Ancient Indian god of the sun. The adj is either Mithraic, from E Mithra, or Mithriac, from LL Mithriacus, of Mithras.—Perh cf MITRE.
Neptune	Neptune , adj Neptunian, derive from L Neptūnus, orig a god of springs and streams, later God of the Sea, adj Neptūnius; cf Ve  apam nápat, Av apąm napá, descendant (cf para 1 of NEPHEW) of the waters. (E & M.)
Opera, (whence operatic), operetta; operand, operant, operate, operation (whence operational), operative (adj, hence n), operator, operose, opus, opuscule; co-operate, co-operation, co-operative, co-operator—inoperable, inoperative; hors d’oeuvre;— avera and average, forms of feudal service; cf the sep OFFICE.	apas अपस् Definition: n. (fr. 1. /ap-), work, action, especially sacred act, sacrificial act   [ Latin opus-.] 1. The entire group derives from L opus, work, itself adopted by E, esp in Mus and in medieval names of embroidery, and also in magnum opus, a great work, esp in size or in time needed for writing it; its pl is opera, therefore its o/s oper-. L opus is akin to L opis, gen of *ops (attested by Ops, an ancient goddess of the harvest, her festival being the Opalia), meaning both ‘abundance, hence riches, strength’, and ‘aid’; akin also to Skt āpas (gen āpasas), work; in Gmc, cf ON efni, material to be used, efna, to accomplish, OE aefnan, efnan, to perform. (E & M; Holthausen.) 2. The neupl opera becomes a sep f sing opera, work, whether as activity or as result, whence It opera, work, hence a composition, esp musical, adopted by E; the It dim operetta is likewise adopted. L opera has adj operōsus, whence operose; the L dim of L opus is opusculum, whence late MF-F opuscule, adopted by E. 3. Both from L opus and from L opera derives L operāri, LL operāre, with gerundive operandus, whence the Math E n operand; presp operans, o/s operant-, whence the E n operant; pp operātus, whence ‘to operate’, with derivatives operātiō, o/s operātiōn-, MFF opération, E operation, and LL operātīuus, efficacious, ML operātīvus, whence, perh via F, the E operative, and LL operātor, adopted by E. 4. The LL prefix-cpd coöperāri has pp coöperātus, whence ‘to co-operate’; derivative LL coöperātiō, o/s coöperātiōn-, MF-F co-opération, E cooperation; derivative LL coöperatīuus, ML -īvus, (F co-opératif and) E co-operative; derivative LL coöperātor, adopted by E. 5. LL operābilis produces operable (cf the F opérable), with neg inoperable (cf F inopérable), perh aided by LL inoperātus, inactive; cf the anl inoperative. 6. L opera, work, becomes OF oevre, uevre whence F æuvre, with the EF-F cpd horsd’oeuvre, adopted by E. 7. L opera also becomes OF oevre, var ovre, whence app ML avera, adopted by E for a feudal service; ML avera (prob influenced by ML; OF-MF aver property) has derivative averagium, whence, perh via MF average, the ME average, a feudal tenant’s service
Pagoda	pagoda , a temple: Port pagode: Tamil pagavadi: Skt bhagavatī, belonging to a deity, from bhagavat, a deity.
Pluvial	pluvial , Jupiter Pluvius; plover. 1. Pluvial derives from ML pluviālis, L pluuiālis, adj of pluuia, rain, from pluuius, rainy—Jupiter Pluvius being Jupiter in his role of Rain God: and pluuius derives from pluere, to rain, s and r plu-: cf Skt plavayati, it overflows, and Gr plunō, I wash. 2. L pluuia, rain, has VL derivative *pluuiārius, *pluviārius, lit the rain bird (because flocks arrive with the rainy season), whence OF plouvier, plovier (EF-F pluvier), whence E plover.
Psyche , psyche; psychic (whence psychical), whence, anl, psychism and psychist; psychosis, whence—after neurotic—psychotic.—Cpds: metempsychosis; psychiatry, whence, anl, psychiatric and psychiatrist; pyschoanalysis (whence—after the analysis derivatives— psychoanalytic, psychoanalyst, psychoanalyze); psychology, whence, after logic and its derivatives, psychologic (now usu psychological—for p. moment, see MOVE, para 8) and psychologist; psychopathy, whence psychopathic and, by b/f, psychopath—qqv at the element -path.	The Gr goddess Psukhē, Goddess of the Soul or Spirit, personifies , a breath, the breath of life, the spirit or soul or mind-and-spirit; cf L spiritus (E SPIRIT). As spiritus is akin to spirāre, to breathe, so is psūkhē to , to breathe: both words are notably echoic; two of the four prob most remarkable echoic words in the IE group, the third and most remarkable being L anima, breath, soul, the fourth being the Gr atmos, vapour, air (cf Skt ātman, breath, soul). Gr , I breathe, represents the out-, followed by the in-, breathing. 2. Gr , sukhe  the soul, becomes, via L the E pysche of Psy and esp of Psychi; cf Psyche, via L . The derivative Gr adj psukhikos yields E psychic and F psychique; LL , bearing—at first sight, very oddly—the contrary sense of materialistic, carnal (Souter), did not intervene. 3. Gr , in its sense ‘mind’, had the derivative psūkhoun, to breathe life into, to animate, whence psūkhōsis, animation, which, misapprehended as ‘state of the psyche, state of mind\ became the psychosis of the psychiatrists. 4. Gr psūkhoun had the prefix-cpd empsūkhoun (em- for en-, in, into, used int), to animate, which itself, after psūkhōsis, acquired the prefix-cpd metempsūkhōsis, the passing—connoted by meta, beyond—of one person’s soul, after death, into another body: whence LL , E metempsychosis.
	gnā ग्ना wife, a divine female, kind of female deity    1. Queen, ME quen or quene, a queen, comes from OE cwēn, a woman (esp a wife), hence ‘the woman’ of a country, its queen: cf OS quān, woman, wife, Go qēns, ON kvān, wife, queen—Gr gunē (OSl žena), woman; janani for wife in Punjabi.
Sun	(n, hence v), whence sunny; Sunday; SOLAR and the sep SOUTH. 1. Sun, ME sunne (var sonne), OE sunne, is related to OFris sunne, OS sunna, OHG sunna, MHG-G sonne, Go sunnō, MD sunne, sonne, zonne, D zon, ON sunna; perh the OIr, Ga, Mx grian, W greian; Av khvēng, of the sun (for *soan-s), and xvanvant (? khvanvant), sunny. If the IE r be *swon-, and if that of L sōl be *swol-, the ult base is *swo-, to shine.  2. OE sunne has cpd sunnandaeg, whence E Sunday, lit ‘the day of the sun’, prompted by L dies solis: cf OFris sunnan-dei, OHG sunnuntag, G Sonntag, ON sunnudagr. 3. Akin to L sōl (q.v. at solar) is Gr hēlios, s hēli-, r hēl-; the Sun God, therefore, is Hēlios. The derivative Gr adj is hēliakos, whence Astron heliac, extn heliacal. The c/f of hēlios is hēlio-, occurring in such cpds as helianthus and heliotrope, qq.v. at the element helio-.
theosophy —whence, anl, theosophical and theo-sophist—derives from ML, from LGr, theosophia, a knowledge of the divine, from theosophos, one who is wise in divine matters: theo-, c/f of theos, a god (L Gr Theos, God)+sophos, wise (cf SOPHISM).
therapeutic (whence therapeutics), therapy. Therapeutic derives, perh via EF-F thérapeutique, from Gr therapeutikos, adj of therapeutēs, an attendant (esp a Med attendant), agent of therapeuein, to take care of, from theraps, an attendant, whence Gr therapeia (medical) attendance, whence E therapy. Gr theraps, acc therapa, s therap-, has r ther-: IE *dher-, to hold (up), to support.
Urania , Uranus; uranite, uranium (whence, anl, uranic and diuranatc: di-, Gr dis, twice +uranium +Chem n-suffix -ate); cf the element urano-, where see uranology and uranoscopy,—Varuna. 1. Urania, the Muse of Astronomy, is the L trln of Gr Ourania, from ourania, the f of ouranios, the adj of ouranos, the heavens, the sky, personified as Ouranos, the Lord of Heaven, the husband of Gaia (Earth) and the father of the Titans, whence LL Uranus, whence the planet Uranus discovered by Herschel in 1781. In 1789 the G chemist Klaproth discovered an element he named Uran, in honour of Herschel; from the F form urane the F chemist Péligot named, in 1841, the element he, in turn, discovered— uranium (Chem element suffix -ium), adopted by E. Derivative from G Uran is G Uranit, whence the F uranite, adopted by E. (B & W.) 2. Cognate with Gr Ouranos, the god of the sky, is Skt Varunas , in Hinduism the guardian—after having been the creator—of cosmic order, whence E Varuna. 3. Gr ouranos, the heavens (heaven), the sky, is the Attic form, the Lesbian being oranos, orranos, and the Doric and Boeotian ōranos.
venerable (venerability), venerate, veneration, venerative; venereal, venery (both senses), Venus; venial (whence veniality); venison—cf venatic; venom, venomous— veneniferous, venenific.—Gmc cognates: win (v, hence n), whence winner, winning, pa and vn (often in pl), pa, pt, won—winsome; ween, whence pa, vn, weening, esp in over-weening; wont (adj, n, v), whence pa wonted (neg unwonted)—cf wean; wish, v (hence n, whence wishful), pa, vn wishing—cf wistful. 1. Venerable comes from OF-F vénérable (orig accentless): ML venerābilis, L uenerābilis, from uenerāri (early, also -āre), to address (to a god) a request or supplication for a favour or a forgiveness, hence to pay the utmost respect to; derivative LL uenerabilitās yields venerability. From the pp uenerātus and its derivatives L uenerātiō, LL uenerātiuus, L uenerātor, come, via the ML forms in v-, ‘to venerate’— Origins 3664 veneration, prob imm from OF-MF veneration (EF-F véné-)—venerative—venerator. 2. L uenerāre, -āri, perh basically ‘to express a (strong) wish or desire to’, has s uener- , an extn of the uen- we see in L uenia and L Uenus (ML Venus); this uen-, app meaning ‘to desire, to love’, occurs, with varr *wan-, *win-, *won-, *wun-, in such words as Skt vanchati , he desires, Ve vánas-, loving, esp in cpds, e.g., gīr- , hymn-loving (adj)—OHG wunskan, G wünschen, to desire, to wish, OHG wunna, great joy—E wish and win, Perh cf also Hit wen-, to desire (a woman) violently, ‘sleep’ with her, violate her—the precise meanings are obscure	Germanic Cognates 7. Logically, it is preferable to begin with ‘to wish’: ME wischen, var of wuschen: OE wyscan: cf OHG wunskan, G wünschen, to wish, and OE wusc, OHG wunsc, MHG-G wunsch, (without the digamma) ON ōskr, Skt vāñchā, a wish: all originat-ing in ‘desire’ and tending to weaken to ‘wish’. From the derivative wishful comes, by f/e asso-ciation with the interj whist, wistful. 8. Then one may consider ‘to win’, to endeavour desirously, to struggle, hence to contend, hence, vt, to obtain by strenuous endeavour, hence by contest or battle: ME winnen: OE winnan, to strive, struggle, fight: cf OFris winna, OS and OHG winnan, to strive, to toil, OHG gewinnan (ge- is int), MHG gewinnen, to gain by effort, G to gain or win, ON vinna, to toil, to gain by toil, to gain—cf Go winnan, to torment oneself, and Skt vanoti , he conquers. Here, the OGmc r *win- is app a thinning of the wun- attested by OHG wunskan, to desire. (Walshe.)
vocable , vocabulary, vocabulum; vocal, vocalism, vocalist, vocality, vocalize (whence vocalization); vocation (whence vocational), vocative (adj, hence n); vociferant, vociferate, vociferation, vociferous; vocule; voice (n, hence v), whence voiceless; vouch, voucher, vouchsafe; vowel; vox humana and vox populi—cf voix céleste.— Gr: epic, epos.—L cpds, incl R derivatives: advocacy, advocate (n, v), advocation, advocatory; advowson; avocation, whence, anl, avocative; avouch, whence avouchment; avow, whence avowal; convocant, convocate, convocation—convoke; equivocal, equivocate, equivocation, equivoque; evocable, evocation, evocative, evocatory—evoke; in vocable, invocation—invoke; plurivocal; provocable, provocation, provocative—provoke; revocable (and irrevocable), revocation— revoke; semi vocal; univocal. European 1. Behind all these words stands L uōx (ML vōx), o/s uōc-: cf Skt vāk, Av vāxš (acc vāčem), the voice, and váčas, a word—Tokh A wak, B wek, voice—MIr fūaimm, a noise (Ga fuaim), OC etymon *vokmen, and syn Cor guith or gyc (gyk)—OP wackis, a warcry— Homeric opon (acc), Attic épos (nom), a word, for *wopon and *wepos—OHG giwahe, fame: for vv, cf Skt vakti, Ve vivakti (vi- redup), he speaks, , he has spoken, Skt vocá-, he spoke—OP wackītwei, to entice (speak fair words to)—OHG giwahannēn (gi- int), MHG gewähenen (pt gewuoc), G erwähnen. The OGmc r is *wah-; the IE, *wek- alternating with *wok-, the voice, to speak. (E & M; Hofmann; Walshe.) Perh cf also the Hit wek-, to ask, wekun, I asked.
dei- ; deo-; ‘of a god’; ‘to God’: L deus, a god, and Deus, God, cf DEISM. Exx: deicide, deific, deiparous; deodand, something to be given to God, hence forfeit to the Crown.
; (?) only in cinematics, magna-; (?) only in Min, magno-: L magn(i)-, c/f of magnus, great: cf MAGNITUDE. Exx: magnanimous, L magnanimus, lit ‘of a great animus or mind’; magnification, magnificent; magniloquence (L magniloquentia), grandiloquence;—magnascope;—magnochromite.	Skt mahā, great, akin to L magnus
pan- , before p, usu pam-, q.v.: Gr pan-, c/f of pan, neus of pas (gen pantos), every, all (quantitative sing; distributive pl, pantes, neu panta); IE r, prob *kuān-, o/s kuānt-; cf the Cretan and Thessalian pansa and the Hit pankus. Exx: panacea, a cure-all, Gr panakeia, from panakēs, all-healing, 2nd element from akeisthai, to heal; pancreas (cf next entry), via SciL from Gr pankreas, (lit) all flesh, with adj pancreatic; pandemic, LL pandēmus, Gr pandēmos (or -dēmios), of, by, for all the people, from dēmos (cf demo-), the people; pandemonium, from Mod L Pandemonium, ‘the place, abode of’ all the demons (Gr daimōn, a spirit, a demon); Pandora, ‘All the Gifts’—Gr dōra, pl of dōron, a gift; panegyric, n from adj, from EF-F panégyrique, L panēgyricus, Gr panēgurikos, adj of panēguris, a gathering of the people, from aguris, an assembly, var of agora, from agein, s ag-, to lead—cf L agere, to drive; panoply, full (suit of) armour, Gr panoplia, from hopla, armour, the pl of hoplon, an implement; panoptic, Gr panoptēs, all-regarding, i.e. containing everything in one view—cf OPTIC; panorama=pan +-orama (q.v.),), lit an all-inclusive view; pansophy, universal wisdom, from Gr pansophos, all-wise—cf SOPHIST; pantechnicon, a bazaar for all kinds of artistic work, hence a storehouse, hence an all-holding furniture van; pantheism, God in everything and everywhere (cf theo-); pantheon, via L from Gr pantheion, the place for all the gods, orig the neu of pantheios, of all the gods, from theos, a god; PANTOMIME. Cf panto-.
-tect , as in architect: from Gr -tektōn, end-c/f of tektōn, a carpenter, a builder. Cf the 1st tecto-
tecto- (1): Gr tekto-, c/f of tektōn (whence the adj tektonikos, E tectonic), a carpenter, a builder, akin to tekhnē: cf TECHNICAL and ARCHITECT. Exx: tectosphere (cf -sphaera), the asthenosphere, a hypothetical zone that, 30 miles below the earth’s surface, is supposed to yield easily to stresses; Tectospondyli (cf -spondyli).
-teen [, as in thirteen, fourteen … nineteen: ME -tene, OE -tyne, -tēne, -tiene, akin to G zehn, MHG zehen, OHG zehan, ten: cf TEN.]
; -thermy; thermato-, thenn(o)-: first two, from Gr thermē (s therm-), heat—cf THERM; (thermato-) from thermat-, the o/s of the var therma, pl thermata; (thermo-) Gr therm(o)-, c/f of thermē. Exx: megatherm (mega-) and colpotherm (colpo-); hyperthermy (prefix hyper-); thermatology, the science of heat, esp (Med) of the use of hot baths or springs; thermometer, a heat-measurer (cf -meter)—thermophile (-phile), an organism thriving in heat—thermostat (-stat), a device for regulating the heat used	gharma घर्म Definition: m. (2. ghṛ-) heat, warmth (of the sun or of fire), sunshine     etc.
thoraci- , thorac(o)-: the former, from L thōrax, the chest, gen thorācis; the latter, from Gr thōrak (o)-, c/f of thōrax, perh akin to Skt dhārakas, holding, a holder, with IE r *dhar-, varr *dher-, *dhor-. Exx: thoracispinal; thoracalgia (cf -algia, pain) and thoracoscope, an instrument for inspecting (cf -scope) the cavity of the chest. E thorax has adj thoracic, with c/f thoracico-.
ticho- : from Gr teikhos, a wall, akin to Skt dēhί, a wall; IE r, *d(h)eigh-. Ex: tichodrome, a wall creeper (cf -drome).	dehī देही Definition: f. mound, bank, rampart, surrounding wall
tino- : from Gr teinein (s tein-), to stretch; as in Pal Tinoceras (cf -ceras at -cera).	tan तन् to extend, spread, be diffused (as light) over, shine, extend towards, reach to   etc. ; to be protracted, continue, endure   ; to stretch (a cord), extend or bend (a bow), spread, spin out, weave
-toma , 2 -tome, 3 -tomic, 4 -tomous, 5 -tomy; 6 tomo-: all from Gr tomē (s tom-), a cutting, a section, akin to temnein (s temn-, r tem-), to cut: cf ANATOMY. Resp: ‘insects with a specified type of segmentation’, from Gr entoma, insects; 2, Gr -tomon, from tomos, (the agent, or the result, of) cutting, with adjj -tomic (Gr -tomikos) and -tomous (Gr -tomos, cutting, cut, divided), the former answering also to 5, -tomy, from Gr -tomia, from tomē; 6, from Gr tomos, a cut. Exx: Neotoma (cf neo-); gonotome (cf gono-) and microtome, an instrument with which to cut sections for microscopic examination; gastrotomic (cf gastro-); isotomous (cf iso-); arteriotomy, an incision in, an operation on, an artery, from Gr artēriotomia; Tomopteris (cf -pteris at -ptera). Note -tomize, the v answering to -tomy, as in laparotomize, to make an incision in the abdominal wall, n laparotomy (cf laparo-). Note also the cpd -ectome (‘an instrument in ectomy’), from -ectomy, a cutting-out, a surgical removal, from Gr -ektomia, c/f of ektomē (prefix ek-+tomē); v, ectomize.
-tone , 2 -tonia, 3 -tonic, 4 -tonous, 5 -tonus, -tony; 7 tone-, 8 tonico-: all from L tonus, a tone, a sound, (orig) a stretching, from Gr tonos, tension, hence pitch or accent of the voice: cf TONE. Resp: from E tone, or from Gr -tonos (end-c/f of tonos), occ via LL - tonus; 2, Gr -tonia, from tonos; 3, either from Gr tonikos or simply for E tonic; 4, var of 3, but deriving from Gr -tonos, adj c/f of tonos; 5, SciLc/f from L tonus; 6, a Med, yet truly E, var of 2 (-tonia); 7, Gr tono-, c/f of tonos; 8, for E tonic. Exx: barytone, from the Gr adj barutonos, deepsounding (cf bary-), and demitone; isotonia (iso-); isotonic=Gr isotonos+adj suffix -ic; isotonous= Gr isotonos, having equal tension of unvarying pitch; geotonus, Plant Physio ‘the normal state of an organ with reference to gravity’ (Webster); isotony= isotonia; tonology, the history, or the science (cf -logy at -loger), of tones or of in tonation—tonogram (cf -gram)—tonoscope (c - scope).	tan तन्
toxi- ; tox(o)-; toxic(o)-: all, ult, from Gr toxon (s tox-), a bow (weapon), an arrow, perh a loanword from Scythian (Hofmann), with a cognate in late Skt. Whereas tox(o)-, when not short for toxic(o)-, is the Gr tox(o)-, c/f of toxon, toxistands for E toxic or E toxin, and toxic(o)- comes from Gr toxikon, arrow poison (sc pharmakon), orig the neus of the adj toxikos, of or for a bow or an arrow: cf TOXIC. The end-c/f -toxin stands for toxin, a poison. Exx: toxiferous, poison-bearing (cf -ferous at -fer); toxiphobia, a dread (cf -phobe) of being poisoned;—toxophily, the study of, a love for, archery, with adj toxophilous and agent toxophilite, cf -phil; toxophil (toxo-=toxico-), having an affinity for poisons;— toxicology, the science of poisons, with agent toxicologist; toxicophagy (cf -phagy at - phaga), the practice of eating poisons.	takshakaḥ तक्षकः [तक्ष् ण्वुल्] 1 A carpenter, wood-cutter -2 The chief actor in the prelude of a drama (i. e. the सूत्रधार). -3 N. of the architect of the gods. -4 N. of one of the principal Nāgas or serpents of the Pātāla, son of Kaśyapa and Kadru (saved at the intercession of the sage Āstika from being burnt down in the serpent-sacrifice performed by king Janamejaya, in which many others of his race were burnt down to ashes).
trit(o)- : Gr trit(o)-, c/f of tritos, third: cf THIRD. Exx: tritagonist, in Gr drama the actor playing the third most important part, Gr trita--gōnistēs; (cf -agonist); Zoo tritocerebrum, the third section of an insect’s brain.
twi- [, c/f of E TWO, as in twibill, has been treated under Prefixes.)
uni- : L ūni-, c/f of ūnus, one, single: cf numerical ONE. Exx: UNICORN; UNIFORM; unisonous, having one sound (cf -sonous at -sonance) or pitch, (hence) concordant; univalent, having one value, single—cf -valent at vale-.
universo- : for universe, as in universology, the science of the universe.
urani- : for uranium, from the planet Uranus, Gr Ouranos, deification of ouranos (s ouran-), the sky, the heavens, perh akin to L ūrīna, urine: rain comes from the skies. Ex: uraniferous, bearing (or containing) uranium. Cf: uran(o)- ; uranoso-: former, Gr ouran(o)-, c/f of ouranos, the sky—see prec; latter, for E uranous, of, for, with uranium. Exx: uranography, the description (cf -graphy at - graph)—or the science—of the heavens; uranalogy, the science (cf -logy, at -loger), of— or a treatise on—the heavens; uranoscopy, observation (cf -scopy at -scope) of the heavens;—Chem uranoso-uranic. Urbi
urban , urbane, urbanity (whence, anl, urbanize, whence urbanization); conurbation; suburb, suburban (whence suburbanite). 1. Conurbation, an aggregation of urban communities about a great city (e.g., London), is a bureaucratic invention: con-, together+urb(an)+ -ation. 2. Suburban derives from late MF-F suburbain, from L suburbānus, the adj of suburbium, but formed after L urbānus (see next para). L suburbium =sub-, under, hence towards or up against, very near+urbi-, c/f (from the s and r urb-) of urbs, a city+ nsuffix -um. L suburbium becomes MF (and prob EF) suburbe, whence E suburb. 3. Urban comes, perh via MF-F urbain, f urbaine, from L urbānus, adj of urbs; already in L, urbānus meant, derivatively, ‘civilized, polished, refined, witty’, a sense it retained, along with ‘of a, or the, city’, in MF-F urbain, whence E urbane, orig (C16) a mere var of urban, then (C17) in the ‘civilized’ sense: cf the phon and sem differentiation of human and humane. L urbānus has derivative urbānitās, whence MF-F urbanité, whence E urbanity. 4. L urbs (gen urbis) is o.o.o.: Webster proposes kinship with L uerber (ML verber: cf VERVAIN), a rod; a city having orig been an aggregation of persons living within a palisaded enclosure. Very tentatively I suggest that the L r urb- is a contr of *uerb-, extn of uer- (ML ver-), the r of L uertere, to turn, pp uersus, a city being that point to which the inhabitants of the entire neighbourhood naturally turn in order to do business or to get news. If, however, the L r urb- be an extn of *ur-, then L urbs is prob akin to Hit uru, town, city.	urbi- : from L urbs (gen urbis), a city: cf URBAN. Ex: urbicolous (cf -colous), city-inhabiting.
vacci- ; vaccini-, vaccino-: all three for E vaccine ; the 1st, however, properly denotes ‘a cow’ or ‘cows’ and comes from ML vacca, a cow: cf VACCINATE. Exx: vaccicide, the killing of a cow (or of cows), but vaccigenous, vaccine-producing; vaccinifer (cf -fer), a person—or an animal—that constitutes a source of vaccine; vaccinophobia, a dread of vaccine or of vaccination.	vaśā वशा ( f. from vāś-, as"the lowing animal", and from vaś-) a cow especially barren