The Vedic Sanatana roots of the Mitanni Empire

 

English pronunciation	Sanskrit Word	English Words derived from this Sanskrit word	Words derived in other languages across the world
pruṣvā	प्रुष्वा n. (a drop of water, hoar-frost, ice)	freeze, froze, frozen, frost, frosty ; prurient, prurience, prurigo	ON friōsa, to freeze ; OE frēosan ; OHG friosan ; Prūrīre, to itch , prūrīgō, an itching (med.) MHG friesen ; Go frius, frost, cold
budhna	बुध्न n. (bottom, ground, base, depth, lowest part of anything as the root of a tree etc)	foundation, founder, fund, funded, funds, fundamental, profound, profundity, bottom, bottomless,	OHG bodam , G Boden, bottom, ground , ON botn, OE botm, foundation, base
ṛñj	ऋञ्ज् (to make straight or right, make proper, arrange, fit out, decorate, ornament ; to make favourable, propitiate ; to gain, obtain)	arithmetic , whence arithmetical and arithmetician: L arithmētica; Gr arithmētikē (tekhnē), from arithmētikos, numerical, from arithmein, to number, from arithmos, (a) number:2. Logarithm, whence logarithmic, derives from SciL logarithmus: Gr logos, account, proportion+ arithmos: cf LGr logariasmos, a calculation.	OHG and OIr rīm, number; In European languages, *ari- or *ri-, to arrange, esp in numbers.
āsa	आस (ashes, dust)	ardent ; ardent , ardency; AE ardor, E ardour; arid, aridity; arson, arsonist ; L arēre (s ar-), to be dry	Gr azein (s az-), to dry—Tokh A , dry—Arm azazem, I dry—OHG asca, Go azgō, ashes. (E & M.) In European languages,  the r   *ā-, to be dry, to be hot: cf Hit a-a-ri, an extn of Hit ā-, to be hot, and perh Hit Agniš, the FireGod. 2. Deriving from arēre, the following L words affect E: aridus (occ ardus), dried up, parched, whence arid, the derivative ariditās, o/s ariditāt- , yielding aridity; ardēre (s ard-, r ar-), to be on fire, with presp ardens, o/s ardent-, whence, via OF ardant and ME ardaunt, the E ardent; ardor (akin to and prob deriving from ardēre), orig ‘(extreme) dryness’, hence ‘a burning heat’, leads to OF ardor or ardour, whence ME ardure or ardeur, whence E ardour, ardor. 3. Ardēre became OF ardre, pp ars, whence the n arson, adopted by E: cf the suffix - on. a
ukṣan	उक्षन् (m. an ox or bull (as impregnating the flock in the veda- especially as drawing the chariot of uṣas- or dawn)	augment , n, v; augmentation, augmentative.—auction, n hence v, whence auctioneer (suffix - eer): augur, n, v; augural, augury.—august; August, Augustan; Augustine.—author, whence authorial; authoritarian, authoritative, authority, authorize (whence authorization).—auxiliary, adj hence n.—inaugurate, inauguration.	1. L augēre (s aug-), to enlarge, increase; Cognates: syn Go aukan, OFris āka (v and n), ON auka (v) and auki (n), OHG ouhhōn, OE ēacan ; Lith augti, to grow, and , high; Gr auxein (s aux- =auks-), to increase; 2. Augēre has pp auctus, on which arose both auctiō, (lit) an increasing, (but always) a public sale, with o/s auctiōn-, whence E auction, and auctor, lit an increaser, hence a founder, an auctioneer, an author: indeed, auctor became OF autor (F auteur) became ME autour, later authour, E author. The derivative L auctoritās (acc auctoritātem), which corresponded to auctor in all its senses, led to OF auctoritei, -iteit, later autorité, whence ME autortie, E authority (-ity); and derivative ML auctorizāre became OF-F autoriser became late ME autorize became E authorize. Authoritarian, authoritative  represent authority+ suffixes -arian, -ative. 3. The inf augēre has derivative augmentum, an increase, whence F, then E, augment. Augmentum itself has derivative LL augmentāre, whence MF-F augmenter, whence ‘to augment’; on the pp augmentātus were built both the LL n augmentātiō, o/s augmentātiōn-, whence, prob via MF-F, the E augmentation, and the F augmentatif, f - ive, whence E augmentative. 4. Less obvious than the aug-, auct- derivatives are those from L augur, augustus, auxilium. The last perh=s aug-+connective or formative s-+ ilium (-um, neu nom and acc) and prop means ‘an increase of forces, a reinforcement’—hence, assistance, help, with adj auxiliāris, whence auxiliary (cf EF-F auxiliaire). 5. Lit, an augur (formerly derived usu from L auis, a bird: cf auspice) means ‘one who predicts an increase, hence success’ (later, any issue to an undertaking): aug-, s of augēre+-ur, prob a var of agential -or. Augur has derivatives: augurālis, whence EF-F and E augural, of an augur, (hence) ominous; augurium, a (favourable) presage or prediction, whence, prob via OF-MF augurie the E augury; auguro (-or), inf augurāre (-āri) to make an augury, to augur, to predict, whence ‘to augur’; the pp augurātus, whence the obs augurate, to augur, leads to LL augurātiō, o/s augurātiōn-, whence the obs auguration; hence: inaugurāre (in-, in, into+augurāre), to augur, esp before an important undertaking, hence to destine, give a start to, to consecrate, with pp inaugurātes, whence ‘to inaugurate’; the derivative n inaugurātiō, o/s -ātiōn-, yields inauguration; the adj inaugural was adopted from F (inaugurer+-al, anl with augural). 6. L augustus, whence E august, signified orig either ‘consecrated by the augurs’ or ‘undertaken under favourable auguries’; it was in 27 B.C. applied to Octavius Caesar: and the first Augustus bestowed his title upon the month Augustus, our August. Augustus, the PN, had two adjj: Augustānus, whence E Augustan, transferred to any period similar to that of Caesar Augustus; and Augustīnus, which became a PN, whence (St) Augustine or August in, which by shortening became Austin (canons, friars).
ajra	अज्र (m. a field, a plain)	agriculture, -cultural, -culturist; agronomy. The base is L ager, o/s agr-, gen agri, a field; in agronomy, from Gr agronomos, manager of public lands, it is agros, a field, the 2nd element coming from nemein (s nem- ), to distribute, (hence) to manage. The IE r is *agro-, an uncultivated field—cf Av ajras—perh akin to the IE *ag- seen in agere, to drive: cf AGENT. Agrarian: L agrārius, adj of ager; agriculture: via F from L agricultūra, (lit) cultivation (cf cultivate at CULT) of the field; hence agricultural (-al, adj) and agriculturist (-ist).
akṣa	अक्ष (m. an axle, axis )	akṣi अक्षि, eye ; L axis (s ax-), adopted by E, has E adj axial (ax-+-ial) and dim axilla, armpit, adopted by Sci and also anglicized as axil, with adj axillary, from F axillaire (s axill-+adj suffix -aire). Now, axis, which means either axis or—the orig sense—axle, is akin to Gr axōn (? for *aksōn), axle, also to OP assis and Lith ašis, and to OHG ahsa.
aṅka	अङ्क (a curving, a curve ; aṅk अङ्क्, to move in a curve  ; to mark, stamp)	angle
nīla	नील (blue)	aniline	Ar al-nil, the (al) indigo plant: Skt nīlī, indigo, from nīla, dark blue, whence also Per nīl, blue, whence the dim nīlak, bluish, whence Ar laylak, Sp lilac, whence, via EF, the E lilac.
āpaḥ	आपः (water)	Aqua, aqueous
ūrdhva	ऊर्ध्व (upright)	Arduous comes from L arduus, high, steep, hence difficult and strenuous; akin to OIr ard, high, and Skt ūrdhvás, upright, and to Gr ardis, a point: European r, *ard. Gaul Arduenna, name of a mountain, is at least akin to the mountainous Ardennes (pi), whence the min ardennite.
bubhukṣā	बुभुक्षा (Desire to take food)	Middle High German boc, poc, from Old High German boc, from Proto-West Germanic *bukk. Cognate to English buck. from Sanskrit बुभुक्षा (bubhukṣā, “hunger”), Bubhukṣā (बुभुक्षा):—Desire to take food, buck, Bock
bal	बल् (balbalīti, to whirl round in a circle, [Śatapatha-brāhmaṇa])		(2), obs ‘a dance’, hence ‘an assembly for dancing’: OF-F bal, from OF-MF baler, MFEF baller, to dance: LL ballāre: Gr ballein (syn with its extension ballizein), to dance, akin to Skt balbalīti, he whirls about: IE r, *bal-. 2. LL ballāre became OProv balar, whence balada, a dancing song, whence MF balade (EF-F ballade), ME balade, E ballad. 3. LL ballāre passed into It, with derivative ballo, a dance, dim balletto, whence, soon senseadapted, the EF-F, hence E, ballet.
bhaṇ	भण् (he speaks)	Ban, banish, bandit	1. Banns or bans, a proclamation enabling an objection to be made to a marriage, is A-Z 207 merely a pi derivative of ‘a ban’: and ban, ME ban, derives from ME bannen, to summon, interdict, curse, but also from OF ban, from LL bannum, akin to OFris, OS, OHG, ON bann, a public prohibition. ME bannen derives from OE bannan, to summon by proclamation, akin to OFris banna, OHG bannan, ON banna, and prob to Gr phanai, to say, and Skt bhánati, he speaks: The LL bannum, proclamation, has v bannīre, whence MF banir (EF-F bannir), whence, via ‘ils banissent’ and ‘banissant’, the ME banishen, E ‘to banish’; banishment, influenced by MF banissement, proclamation of a ban, effectively derives from ‘to banish’ (suffix -ment). B & W hold bannir to be, ult, independent of ban; the confusion must have happened very early indeed. 3. LL bannīre had var bandīre, whence It bandire, to banish, with pp bandito, which became n, ‘an outlaw’
barbara	बर्बर (barbarian)	Barbarian (a wild person with no culture, who behaves very badly), barbaric, barbarous	1. The effectual base consists of Gr barbaros, non-Greek, also n, esp in pl barbaroi: hoi barbaroi, the non-Greeks, are lit ‘the Unintelligibles, The Stammerers’: cf the Skt adj barbaras, stammering: orig echoic, as also is the stammering redup in Tatar (loosely Tartar). Cf BABBLE and BABE. 2. Gr barbaros becomes L barbarus, whence E barbarous, whence (abstract suffix - ity) barbarity and barbarian (-ian for -ous), n and—cf F barbarien—adj. The secondary Gr adj barbarikos—answer-ing to hoi barbaroi—becomes L barbaricus becomes E barbaric. Barbaros has two other derivatives affecting E: barbarizein, to behave or speak like a barbarian, (vt) to mistreat barbarously, whence obs F barbariser and E barbarize (- ize); and barbarismos, use of a foreign or misuse of one’s own language, the qualities of a barbarian, whence MF-F barbarisme and, perh independently, E barbarism. 3. L coined barbaria, ‘barbarianness’, hence foreign lands, hence, in ML, Saracen lands, esp Barbaria, whence MF-F barbarie, Barbaric, whence E Barbary
bhū	भू  (bhavati,  to become, be)	Be, being, been, become,	presp (hence vn) being, pp been (ME ben or bin). A-Z 233 Be derives from ME been, var beon, OE bēon: cf OE bíom, OHG bim (G bin), OIr biu, I am, OSl byti, to become or be, esp Skt , he is, bhūtas, been, become; IE r, prob *bheu-, with natural offshoots *bhe- and *bhu-; simple develop-ments occur in, e.g., Gr phunai (r phu-), to be born, to be, and L fui, I have been. Cf ARE, IS, WAS.
bhā	भा (to shine, be bright or luminous )	Beacon (a fire or light on a hill or tower, often near the coast, which is used as a signal), beck, beckon	n hence v; beck (v, hence n)—beckon. ‘To beckon’ derives, via ME beknen, bekenen, from OE bēacnian, , from bēacen, a sign: and bēacen, var bēcen, becomes ME bekene becomes beacon. OE bēacen, bēcen, is akin to the syn OFris bēken or bāken, OS bōkan, OHG bouhhan, MHG bouchen:IE s, *bhaug-; IE r. *bha-, to shine. (Walshe.) ‘To beckon’ yields ‘to beck’, perh via the vn beckoning, ‘a beck’ or nod.
babhru	बभ्रु (deep-brown, reddish-brown, tawny)	Bear ; n: ME bere: OE bera, akin to the syn OHG bero (MHG ber, G Bär), MD bare, bere, D beer, OFris and OS bern- in cpds, ON björn and ‘shebear’ bera, Skt bhalla, and also to ‘the brown animal’; cf, therefore, Bruin at BROWN (G braun) and, sem, BEAVER. (the Skt bhalla app=*bharla)	D bruin, brown, Brunette, OF-F brunet, brun (brune), brown, OHG brūn.
bhid	भिद् (to split, cleave, break, cut or rend asunder, pierce, destroy)	Bite, bed, fossil	‘To bed’ derives from OE beddian, itself from OE bed, bedd, a bed, akin to the syn OFris (and OS) bedd, OHG betti, MHG bette, G Bett, Go badi, and to ON bedr, a mattress, a feather-bed: C etymon, *bed; IE r, *bhod-, and a var *bhed-, with basic meaning ‘dug-out’ or ‘hollow’, cf L fodere, to dig (see FOSSIL), and W bedd, a grave. French fossile, from Latin fossilis ‘dug up’, from fodere ‘dig’
śanipriya	शनिप्रिय	sapphire	5. Skt exhibits śanipriya, lit ‘dear to Saturn’ (śanis, the planet Saturn), hence, by f/e, a sapphire, whence—via Sem (cf H sappīr)—the Gr sappheiros , L sapphirus (LL saphīrus), OF safir, MF-F saphir, E sapphire. The L adj sapphīrnus yields sapphirine.
śanaiścara	शनैश्चर (m. ("slow-moving" ;  manda-) the planet Saturn or its regent (the offspring of the Sun ; represented as of a black colour or dressed in dark-coloured clothes)		Saturnalia (whence Saturnalian), Saturnian, saturnine; Saturday;—sapphire, sapphirine. 1. Saturn, like F Saturne, derives from L Sāturnus, itself o.o.o., the association with serere, to sow, pp satus, being f/e: perh Etruscan (E & M)—cf the Etr god Satre; perh rather Oriental—cf para 5; ? Medit—cf Eg Sba amenti (tcha pet), Saturn. 2. L Sāturnus has the adj sāturnius, as in sāturniī uersūs, whence E Saturnian verse; hence E Saturnian (cf EF-F saturnien). From L Sāturnīnus, of Saturn, F derives saturnin, orig a Med adj, whence E saturnine (opp jovial). 3. L Sāturnus has yet another adj: Sāturnālis, whence, via the neu pl, the n Sāturnālia, the festival—unofficially, a carnival—of Saturn, whence E saturnalia, a period of licence. 4. L Sāturnus combines with OE daeg, day, to form OE Saeternesdaeg, Saturn’s day, contr to Saeterndaeg and still further to Saeterdaeg, whence ME Saterdai, whence E Saturday. 5. Skt exhibits śanipriya, lit ‘dear to Saturn’ (śanis, the planet Saturn), hence, by f/e, a sapphire, whence—via Sem (cf H sappīr)—the Gr sappheiros , L sapphirus (LL saphīrus), OF safir, MF-F saphir, E sapphire. The L adj sapphīrnus yields sapphirine. (Hofmann.)
ātman	आत्मन् (the individual soul, self)	atoms, atomic, atomize
Skt suryas (r for l);  (n, hence v), whence sunny; Sunday; many other cpds, all self-explanatory; cf the sep SOLAR and the sep SOUTH. 1. Sun, ME sunne (var sonne), OE sunne, is related to OFris sunne, OS sunna, OHG sunna, MHG-G sonne, Go sunnō, MD sunne, sonne, zonne, D zon, ON sunna; perh the OIr, Ga, Mx grian, W greian; Av khvēng, of the sun (for *soan-s), and xvanvant (? khvanvant), sunny. If the IE r be *swon-, and if that of L sōl be *swol-, the ult base is *swo-, to shine. Cf para 3. 2. OE sunne has cpd sunnandaeg, whence E Sunday, lit ‘the day of the sun’, prompted by L dies solis: cf OFris sunnan-dei, OHG sunnuntag, G Sonntag, ON sunnudagr. 3. Akin to L sōl (q.v. at solar) is Gr hēlios, s hēli-, r hēl-; the Sun God, therefore, is Hēlios. The derivative Gr adj is hēliakos, whence Astron heliac, extn heliacal. The c/f of hēlios is hēlio-, occurring in such cpds as helianthus and heliotrope, qq.v. at the element helio-. solar plexus, with ganglia radiating like rays from the sun) and n— solarium—solarize (solar, adj+ -ize), whence solarization—solanum, whence solanin (e)—Sol; solstice, solstitial.—Helios, heliacal, helium; cf the element heli(o)-, where see HELIANTHUS, HELIOTROPE, etc.—L prefix-cpd: insolate, insolation; cf parasol.—Gr prefix-cpds: aphelion and parhelion.—Cf the sep SUN ; L sōl Gr hēlios, s hēli-, r hēl-; the Sun God, therefore, is Hēlios. The derivative Gr adj is hēliakos, whence Astron heliac, extn heliacal. The c/f of hēlios is hēlio- ; “Khor” in Persian means sun	सौर (relating or belonging or sacred to or coming from the sun or the Devata sūrya- )	Sun, sunny, Sunday, solar	Skt suryas (r for l);  (n, hence v), whence sunny; Sunday; many other cpds, all self-explanatory; cf the sep SOLAR and the sep SOUTH. 1. Sun, ME sunne (var sonne), OE sunne, is related to OFris sunne, OS sunna, OHG sunna, MHG-G sonne, Go sunnō, MD sunne, sonne, zonne, D zon, ON sunna; perh the OIr, Ga, Mx grian, W greian; Av khvēng, of the sun (for *soan-s), and xvanvant (? khvanvant), sunny. If the IE r be *swon-, and if that of L sōl be *swol-, the ult base is *swo-, to shine. Cf para 3. 2. OE sunne has cpd sunnandaeg, whence E Sunday, lit ‘the day of the sun’, prompted by L dies solis: cf OFris sunnan-dei, OHG sunnuntag, G Sonntag, ON sunnudagr. 3. Akin to L sōl (q.v. at solar) is Gr hēlios, s hēli-, r hēl-; the Sun God, therefore, is Hēlios. The derivative Gr adj is hēliakos, whence Astron heliac, extn heliacal. The c/f of hēlios is hēlio-, occurring in such cpds as helianthus and heliotrope, qq.v. at the element helio-. solar plexus, with ganglia radiating like rays from the sun) and n— solarium—solarize (solar, adj+ -ize), whence solarization—solanum, whence solanin (e)—Sol; solstice, solstitial.—Helios, heliacal, helium; cf the element heli(o)-, where see HELIANTHUS, HELIOTROPE, etc.—L prefix-cpd: insolate, insolation; cf parasol.—Gr prefix-cpds: aphelion and parhelion.—Cf the sep SUN ; L sōl Gr hēlios, s hēli-, r hēl-; the Sun God, therefore, is Hēlios. The derivative Gr adj is hēliakos, whence Astron heliac, extn heliacal. The c/f of hēlios is hēlio-
svapna	स्वप्न (sleep, sleeping ; dreaming, a dream )	Somnolence , somnolent; somnambulate, somnambulism (whence, anl, somnambulist, whence somnambulistic); somnifacient, somniferous, somniloquy (whence, anl, somniloquous); somnolescent, whence somnolescence;—insomnia (whence the adj and n insomniac), insomnious.—sopite (adj and v), soporiferous, soporific (ad , hence n), soporose.—Hypnos, hypnosis, hypnotic (whence, anl, hypnotism, hypnotist, hypnotize).	1. L somnus, sleep, personified as Somnus, God of Sleep, is akin to the syn Gr hupnos, personified as Hupnos, E Hypnos, itself akin to Skt svapna, sleep, a dream, svápati, he sleeps; cf L sōpīre, to send to sleep, sōpor, something that induces sleep, hence (a heavy sleep; cf also ON sofa, to sleep, and ON svefn, OE swefn, sleep, a dream, Sl sǔpati, to sleep, Lith sapnas, a dream, 6. Gr hupnos has derivative hupnoun, to put to sleep, whence hupnōtikos, tending to sleep, LL hypnōticus, EF-F hypnotique, E hypnotic; SciL has, from Gr hupnos, coined hypnosis (suffix -osis), adopted by E (cf the F hypnose). ; Persian word for sleep is “Khaab” (“Sha to “Kh” )
dhṛt	धृत् (holding, bearing, supporting, wearing, having possessing)	thorax	thoraci- , thorac(o)-: the former, from L thōrax, the chest, gen thorācis; the latter, from Gr thōrak (o)-, c/f of thōrax, perh akin to Skt dhārakas, holding, a holder, with IE r *dhar-, varr *dher-, *dhor-. Exx: thoracispinal; thoracalgia (cf -algia, pain) and thoracoscope, an instrument for inspecting (cf -scope) the cavity of the chest. E thorax has adj thoracic, with c/f thoracico-.
āyu	आयु (life, duration of life)	Age, eternal, eternity	6. Gr aiōn app derives from PGr aiwōn, s aiw-: cf the L r aeu-, OHG ēwa, a long time, eternity, and Go aiw (always). Cf further the Skt āyus, Av āyu, life, with s ay-: cf ON ei (always).
āpta	आप्त (apt, fit, true, exact)	Apt, aptness, aptitude, attitude, inept, ineptitude	L aptus, ‘fastened’, hence ‘well fastened’ hence ‘well fitted (for)’, was orig the pp of apere, to tie or fasten, akin to Skt āpta, fit, very suitable, and āpnoti, he reaches, attains, obtains,
mithyā	मिथ्या	Myth, mythicism,  mythicist, mythicize, mythify, mythologic, mythological, mythology	mithyā मिथ्या invertedly, contrarily, incorrectly, wrongly, improperly German: Mythos, Slovak: mýtus, Portuguese: mito, Indonesian: mitos, Hungarian: mítosz, Gr muthos has adj muthikos
Nakha	नख	Nail, agnail, unguis, ungula, ungulate	Lith nāgas, Ru nogot’; L unguis; Gr onux (o/s onukh-); Skt nakhás, nakhám—cf Per nāxun (? for *nākhsun Agnail comes, as an easement, from OE angnaegl, where ang-, ‘painful’, is id with that of anguish and ANGRY. 3. L unguis, fingernail, toenail, claw, hoof, is adopted by Sci, which likewise adopts the dim ungula, claw, whence LL ungulātus, hoofed, E ungulate.
snāva	स्नाव  (a tendon, sinew, muscle, nerve)	Nerve, nerval, nervate, nervation, nervine, nervose, nervosity, nervous, nervule, nervular, nervulose, nervus, nervy, enervate, enervation, innervate, innervations, innerve, neural, subneural, neuration,  neuric, neurine, neuritic, neuritis, neuroid, neuroma, neuron, neuroism, neurosis, neurotic, neuritis, neuroid, neuralgia, neuralgic, neurasthenia, neurasthenic, neuropath, neuropathic, needle, needle-fish,  needle point,	Nerve derives, like OF-F nerf, from ML nervus, L neruus, a sinew, hence a nerve, s neru-, akin to—perh a metathesis of—Gr neuron, a cord, fibre, nerve, s and r neur-: cf Arm neard, sinew, Skt snāva स्नाव , Av snāvarĕ, a strong cord, a tendon, Tokh B sñaura, nerves, OHG senawa (G Sehne), a tendon, Lett snaujís, a lace, a snare: the L neruus
nah	नह् (to bind, tie, fasten)	Net, netting, nettle, node, nodal, nodosity,  nodule, nodular, nodulate, nodulation, noose, nexus, annex, annexation, connect, connector, connection,  connective, connectivity, connex, connexity	Net, OE net, is akin to OFris -net, OS netti, OHG nezzi, MHG netze, G Netz, Go nati, MD nette, D net, ON net; cf L nassa (? for *natta), a fish-basket, nōdus, a knot, and Skt nahyati, he binds. Cf also L nectere, to bind; indeed the basic idea is ‘to bind, to knot’
nitarām	नितराम् (downwards)	ni- down, in, into) ; Nether (lower), Netherlands, Netherlander,  nethermost, beneath, underneath, nestle, nestling, nidal, nidamental, nidation, nidatory, nidificant, nidificate, nidification, nidifugous, nidify, nidulant,  nidulus, nidus, niche	Nether, ME nethere, earlier nithere, OE nithera, comes from the OE adv nither, nithor, downward, akin to OE neothan, below, beneath: cf OFris nether, nither, OS nithar, OHG nidar, MHG nider, G nieder, MD-D neder, ON nithr, down (adv); further off Nest, OE nest, is akin to OHG-MHG-G nest, Skt  nidas (for *nizdas), seat, rest, OB gnězdo, Lith lìzdas (for *nizdas), L nīdus (for *nisdus); several C cognates; Gmc r, *nest
navan	नवन् (nine)	Nine, ninth, nineteen, ninety, ninetieth,  Latin November, novena, novenary, novendial, novennial,	E-ME nine derives from OE nigon, var nigan: cf OFris nigun, niugun, OS nigun, OHG niun, MHG niun, niune, G neun, Go niun, MD negene and, as in D and LG, negen; ON nīu, with modern Scan cognates; OIr noi, Ga naoi, naoidh, naodh, EW-W now, Cor nau, naw, nawe, Br nau; L nouem (ML novem), Gr ennea, Skt náva; and perh E new (q.v. at NOON)
nu	नु (indeed, certainly, surely )	Nod, noddle, noddy	nu नु indeed, certainly, surely nauti-, nuvati- ‘To nod’, ME nodden, is perh akin to OHG hnōtōn, genutōn, to shake, and prob akin to L nutāre, to nod the head repeatedly, freq of *nuere, to nod the head; if that be so, cf also Gr neuein, to nod, and Skt nauti, návate, he budges, he turns (the head). Perh from ‘to nod’ comes noddy, a simpleton; cf, sem, the adj noddy, inclined to drowse, therefore only half-awake. 4. App from noddy, simpleton—perh allied with noddle, head—comes noodle, simpleton, which has, of course, nothing to do with the alimentary paste noodle (usu in pl noodles): G Nudel, vermicelli:
snu	स्नु (to drip, distil, trickle, emit fluid, yield milk )	Nourish, nourishing, nourishment, nurse, nursemaid, nursing, nursery, nurture, nutrient, nutriment, nutrimental, nutrition, nutritious, nutritive,	snu स्नु  snauti- (also snute-; suṣṇāva-, suṣṇuve-; future snotā-or snavitā-etc.) , to drip, distil, trickle, emit fluid, yield milk synonyms for snuṣā स्नुषा ( strī, jāyā, snuṣā, narī, mānuṣī, manuṣī, mānavī, lalanā, lalitā, ramaṇī, rāmā, vanitā, priyā, mahilā, yoṣā, yoṣitā, yoṣit, yoṣīt, vadhūḥ, bharaṇyā, mahelā, mahelikā, māninī, vāmā, aṅganā, abalā, kāminī, janiḥ, janī, joṣā, joṣitā, joṣit, dhanikā, parigṛhyā, pramadā, pratīpadarśinī, vilāsinī, sindūratilakā, sīmantinī, subhrūḥ, śarvarī Skt snauti, she gives milk Nourishment derives from OF norrissement, from norrir, varr norir, nurir, nurrir (F nourrir), whence, via such forms as presp norissant and ‘nous norissons’ we nourish, the ME norisen, norischen, whence ‘to nourish’: and OF norir, nurir, etc., derives from L nūtrīre, to give milk to, hence to feed, to nourish: akin to L nūtrīx, a nursing mother, a foster-mother; akin also to L natāre, to swim, a freq of nāre, to float, and to Gr naein, to flow
vad	वद् (speaking distinctly/vyaktāvāc)	Ode, epode, palinode, comedy, comedian, comedic, comic, comical, melody, melodic, melodious, melodism, melodist, melodize, monody, monadic, parody, parodic, parodist, prosody, prosodic, rhapsody, rhapsodic, rhapsodical, rhapsodist, rhapsodize, tragedy, tragic, tragical	Ode, adopted from late MF-F, derives from L oda, var of odē, from Gr ōidē, a song, esp if lyric: contr of aoidē, from āeidein, to sing: Skt vádati, he sings, he plays music, and vadinti, to call. 2. Gr ōidē and āeidein But far more important is Gr kōmōidia: kōmos, a musical and dancing festivity, which, as Kōmos, a god of festive mirth, yields L, hence E, Comus+ōidia, a singing: L comoedia: MF comedie (F comédie): E comedy. The derivative Gr adj kōmōidikos, L comoedicus, becomes comedic. EF-F comédien and its f, comédienne, lead to E comedian, comedienne. 8. Gr prosōidia, a song (from ōldē) with accompaniment (connoted by pros, to), becomes L prosōdia, (EF-F prosodie and) E prosody; derivative Gr prosōidiakos becomes LL prosōdiacus, whence E prosodiac. 9. Gr rhapsōidia (from rhapsōidos, a rhapsodist; rhaptein, to sew, hence to unite)
arbha	अर्भ (little, small, unimportant )	Orphan, orphanage, orb (in Arch),  robot	Orphan derives from LL orphanus, trln of Gr orphanos, orphaned, an orphan: s orphan-, r orph-: Arm orb, an orphan, and L orbus, deprived, esp of one’s parents. Skt árbhas, little, weak, a child. A different sense-development has taken place in OHG arbi, erbi, G Erbe, Go arbi, OIr orbe, inheritance, and OHG arbeo, G Erbe, Go arbja, OIr orbe, heir. 2. L orbus, bereft, becomes OF orb, MF-EF orbe, blind, F orbe, lightless, blank, whence the old Arch orb, a recessed panel. 3. Akin to Go arbi, arbja (as in para 1), is Go arbaiths, labour, toil, trouble, distress, syn OHG arabeit and MHG arebeit (G Arbeit, work), OSI rabota, Cz (and Pol) robota, servitude, forced labour.
dhṛ	धृ (धारयति (dhāráyati) (root धृ to maintain, to hold )	abdomen (a part of your body below the chest that contains the stomach, bowels, etc)	abdere (ab+dare)
aj	अज् (to drive, propel, throw)	Agent, agency, agential, agenda	aj अज् ajati- to drive, propel, throw, cast: Desiderative ajijiṣati-, to be desirous of driving (Greek ; Latin ago). Agenda, things to be done, has been adopted from the neupl of agendus, gerundive of agere, to drive or lead, hence to act or do. The pp actus leads into the ACT group. The presp agens, gen agentis, o/s agent-, yields the obs adj agent and (ML agens) the n agent, whence the adj agential (suffix -ial); yields also the ML agentia, whence the E agency. Agere (s ag-) is akin to Gr agein (s ag-), to lead or drive—cf the ON aka (s ak-), to drive. Arm acem (s ac-), I lead, OIr ad-aig, he leads or rushes towards, and Skt ájati ( he goes or drives.)
madana	मदन (passion, love or the Devata of love)	Amazon (A member of a mythical race of female warriors inhabiting the Black Sea area. A female warrior. A tall, strong, or athletic woman.)	mast(o)- , Gr mastos, the (usu female) breast, prob akin to madan (s mad-), to be damp, to flow ; (‘mammary condition’) macromastia; (‘the, esp female, breast’) mastology—(‘mastoid and’) masto-occipital ; An amazon, or proficiently bellicose or merely tall, strong woman, derives from Amazon: L Amazon; Gr Amazōn, member of a race of mythical (?) female warriors: pern privative a-+mazos, breast+presp suffix -on, with mazos akin to madan, to be moist
andhas	अन्धस्  ('herb, plant')	'herb, plant'	Gr anthologia, from the adj anthologos, flowergathering: anthos, a flower ; Anther: EF-F anthère: L anthēra, medicine concocted from flowers: Gr anthēros, flowery, from anthos, flower ; anthology
īrma	ईर्म (the arm, the fore-quarter of an animal)	the arm, the fore-quarter of an animal ; Art,  n; artful, artless, arty; artifice, artificer, artificial, artificiality; artisan; artist, artiste, artistic, artistry; cf theelement arti-;—inert, inertia, inertial. Cf sep ARM and ARTICLE.	M.E. arm, from O.E. earm "arm," from P.Gmc. *armaz (cf. M.Du., Ger. Arm, O.N. armr, O.Fris. erm), Av. arma-, arəmo- "arm;" cf. Ossetic ärm "hand;" Armenian armuku "elbow;" Skt. irma- "arm;" Gk. arthron "a joint;" L. armus "shoulder;" cognate with E. arm
māyā	माया (illusion, unreality, deception)	Mojave desert , Mayavi, Illusary ; Mime (the use of movements of your hands and body and the expression on your face to tell a story or to act something without speaking; a performance using this method of acting) with mirages	(n, hence v); mimesis, mimetic, miraetite; mimic (adj, hence n and v), whence mimicry (-ry for -ery, exercise, art); mimosa; mimeograph, v, from Mimeograph, a copying device, from Gr mimeisthai, to imitate (cf GRAPH);—maya, magical po Maya, Skt māyā, is perh akin to Bulgarian izmama, deception (? orig by imitation), and to Gr mimeisthai, to imitate,
chid	छिद् (to cut off, amputate, cut through, hew, chop, split, pierce )	Shed(to lose something because it falls off), to separate (now only dial), hence to pour forth, cast off, whence shedder and shedding; watershed; shingle (of a roof), hence a signboard, also a short haircut, n hence v;—scissile, scission, scissura, scissure; scind abscind, abscissa, abscis-sion— rescind, rescission, rescissory;—schedule, n (whence schedular), hence v; schism, schismatic; schist, schistose; schizoid, schizont; cf the element –schists
plihan	प्लिहन् (the spleen)	Spleen, spleenic, splenetic	E spleen, the milt, formerly reputed to be the source or seat of emotions ranging from violent mirth (obs meaning) to ill-temper and anger (cf ‘to vent one’s spleen’), derives less prob from OF-MF esplen (from LL) than imm from LL splēn, itself from Gr splēn, akin to Av spereza, OSl slezena, OIr selg—and to the s-less L lēn and Skt , o/s of and, with b for p, the Lith blužnis
sthira	स्थिर (firm, hard, solid, compact, strong)	stare	(v, hence n) derives from OE starian: cf OHG starēn, G starren, MD starren, MD-D staren, LG staren, ON stara: cf G starr, stiff, ON stōrr, big, proud, Lith stóras, thick, Gr stereos, hard, Skt sthiráš, strong: cf also STARCH
stak	स्तक् (resisting, repelling, pushing back, striking against / pratīghāta )	Stay, steel	stak स्तक् stakati-, to strike against Middle English stele, stel, from Old English (North) stēle, (South) stȳle, from Proto-Germanic *stahlijan (cf. West Frisian stiel), enlargement of *stahlan (cf. Dutch staal, German Stahl, Danish stål) (cf. Umbrian stakaz ‘upright, erected’, Avestan staxra ‘strong’, Sanskrit  (stákati) ‘resist, strike against’) Skt stákati, he withstands: IE r, perh *stag-. 2. With that n stay, cf MF estate (F étai), a prop, whence MF estaier (F étaier), to prop up, to support, whence the syn E ‘to stay’: the MF n estate derives from MD staeye (as above). 3. Cf, ult, STAND.
stīrṇa	स्तीर्ण (spread, strewn, scattered )	Sternal (Of or pertaining to the sternum, especially the breast-bone of vertebrates)	OHG stirna, MHG stirne, G Stirn, the forehead, OE steornede, having a broad forehead, and perh L sternere, to spread out, and Skt stirnás, strewn.
stṛ	स्तृ (a star (as the"light-strewer"or [pl.] the"scattered ones")	star, Strew, stretch, stretcher and stretching; sep straggle, straggler; straight (adj, hence adv and n), whence straighten and straightness; strake; streek strow; pt strewed, archaic strowed; pp strewn (archaic strown), now often strewed;—straw.—stroma	ME strewen (var strawen), OE streāwian, var streōwian, is akin to OFris strēwa, OS strōian, OHG strewēn, MHG ströuwen, G streuen, Go straujan, MD struwen, strouwen, stroyen, strooyen, D strooijen, ON strā; also to L sternere, pp strātus (see STRATUM), spread, and struere (s and r stru-), to pile up (see STRUCTURE); to Gr strōnnunai, perh a metathesis of the var stornunai; and to Skt ,strnoti  var strnáti, he strews or scatters:
stigh	स्तिघ् (to step, stride, step up, mount)	sty	(3), to ascend (obs), ME styen, stien, OE stīgan (cf prec), akin to the syn OHG stīgan (G steigen), OFris stīga, Go steigan, ON stīga, themselves akin to Gr steikhein, to go, to walk, and Skt stighnōti, he walks, he climbs.  Gr steikhein, to walk (make a long line of steps), is Gr stikhos, a line, a row, whence, prob via LL stichus, a line of writing, the E stick, a line of verse: cf both distich, a two-line group, esp the couplet, L distichon, Gr distikhon, prop the neu of the adj distikhos (di-, two-), having two lines, and acrostic
svādu	स्वादु (sweet, savoury, palatable, dainty, delicate, pleasant to the taste, agreeable)	Suave ((usually used about a man) confident, elegant and polite), suavity—cf sweet (adj, hence n and obsol v), whence sweeten, sweetness (OE swētness), and many cpds, e.g. sweetbread, sweetheart, sweetmeat, sweet pea, sweetsop; suade, suasible, suasion, suasive—assuage, assuagement, assuasive— dissuade, dissuasion, dissuasive—persuade (whence persuadable and persuader), persuasible, persuasion, persuasive;—hedonic, hedonism, hedonist(सुखवादी, भोगवादी).	suave comes from ML suāvis, neu suāve, L suāuis, suāue; and suavity adapts OF-F suavité, from ML suāvitatem, acc of suāvitās, L suāuitās, from suāuis, sweet to taste and smell, gentle or soft to the touch, agreeable to the eye. 2. Akin to L suāuis is E sweet, ME swete, var swote, from OE swēte, adv swōte: cf OFris swēte, OS swōti, OHG swuozi, suozi, MHG süeze, G süss, Go süts, MD suete, soete, soet, zoete, D zoet, ON soetr. Skt svādús, var svādvt, sweet: cf Skt svādatē, he takes pleasure in or is pleased to, and svādma, sweetness
sūpa	सूप (said to be fr.3. su-,"to distil") sauce, soup, broth (especially prepared from split or ground pease etc. with roots and salt))	Suck, sucker and the pa, vn sucking—whence also the freq (-le) ‘to suckle’, whence suckler and the pa, vn suckling—cf honey-suckle; soak (v, hence n), whence soakage, soaker, pa and vn soaking;—succulent (containing a lot of juice and tasting very good), whence succulence, with var succulency; suction, whence, imm, suctional and, anl, the Zoo Suctoria	OIr sūg-, Ga sūgh, juice; Lith sùkt, to suck; L sūgere, to suck
saṃvat	संवत् (a calf, the young of any animal, offspring, child ; wether) ; saṃvat संवत् saṃ-vatsara a year, in the year ; samā समा. a half-year ; samā समा season, weather)	Summer, summery; gossamer, gosmore	1. Summer, ME sumer (var somer), OE sumer, sumor, is akin to OFris sumur, OS sumar, OHG sumar, MHG sumer, G Sommer, MD sommer, somer, MD-D zomer, ON sumar (with modern Scan cognates); OIr sam and, with abstract suffix -rad, samrad (Ga sàmhradh), OC *samo-, there being the normal h-for-s variation in W and Cor hāf, Cor and Br hān; Arm ama n; Av hama, summer, and Skt sámā, a year, a half-year, a season
samā	समा (a half-year, season, weather)	a half-year, season, weather
svid	स्विद् (sweating, perspiring/gātra-prakṣaraṇa)	Sweat, sweaty	n (whence sweaty) and v. ‘To sweat,’ ME sweten, OE swāētan, derives from the OE n swāt, whence ME swot, whence, after the v sweat, the E sweat. The OE n swāt is akin to OFris and OS swēt, OHG-MHG sweiz, G Schweiss, MD swete, sweit, sweet, MD-D zweet, ON sveiti (cf Sw svett): cf L sūdor, n, sūdāre, v; cf also Skt svēdas
dam	दम् ( to tame, subdue, conquer)	Tame, tameness,  adj (whence tameness) and v (whence tamer); domitable and indomitable.—Cf the sep ADAMANT (where DIAMOND)—DOE—DOMESTIC (where DAME).	dama दम taming ‘To tame’ derives from ME tamen (cf MD tamen), from the ME—whence E—adj tame: OE tam, akin to ON tamr, MD tem, taem, MD-D tam, OHG-MHG zam, G zahm; also to the vv ON temja, OHG zemmen, G zähmen, Go gatamjan, L domāre, Gr daman, to subdue or tame, Skt dāmayáti, he tames, he is tame, OIr domnaim, I bind fast, and Hit damass-, tamass-, to oppress L domāre, to tame, has the app freq, yet syn, derivative domitāre, whence *domitābilis and LL indomitābilis, untamable: whence E domitable and indomitable.
dṝ	दॄ (to burst, break, split open)	Tear, tore, torn	G zehren, to consume, use up, Go gataíran, to destroy, MD eeren, MD-D teren, to consume, ON taera, to use, to use up—also to OHG zerrēn, MHG-G zerren, to pull about, to tear; OB derö, I tear, and Lith dirti, to flay; Arm terem, I flay; Gr derō, I flay; Skt dṝ दॄ dṛṇāti- to burst, break, split open
takṣan	तक्षन् (a wood-cutter, carpenter takṣaka तक्षक)	Technic, adj (with extn technical, whence technicality) and n (cf technics)—technician— technique; cf the element techni-, var techno-, where see, e.g. technology; tectonic, adj and n (usu in pl), architectonic, adj and n (cf architectonics)—architect, architecture (whence architectural); test (a shell, a cupel, a trial), testaceous, testudo—cf tester, testy, tête-à-tête; text, textile (adj, hence n), textual, texture (the surface of a material, esp as perceived by the sense of touch. a wall with a rough texture) (whence textural)— context (whence, anl, contextual), contexture—pretext, n, hence v; tissue, whence tissual; toga; toil (to work very hard or for a long time at something), a snare, usu in pl—toilet, toilette; telary (with derivative syn telarian)—cf tiller of a boat; cf the sep subtle; tectum, tegula, tegument, tile (n, hence v)—thatch (a roof covering of straw, reeds, palm leaves, or a similar material), n and v (whence thatcher)—cpds detect, detection, detective, detector, and protect, protection, protective, protector (whence protectorate)	takṣan तक्षन् a wood-cutter, carpenter, takṣaka तक्षक Gr tekhnē (s and r tekhn-, extn of tekh-), a working with the hands, a craft, manual skill, an art, art, is akin to Gr tektōn, Skt takṣaka तक्षक, a carpenter, a builder, and Skt , he forms, constructs, carpenters; phon id with táksati is L texere, to weave, hence, fig, to construct, with pp textus. Cf also the Hit takkss- (taks-), to join, build The interrelationships of Gr tekhnē, a manual skill, and Gr tektōn, a carpenter, with L tegere, to cover, and L texere, to weave, are not entirely clear: but that the two L words are related to each other, and the Gr to the L, can hardly be doubted -tect , as in architect: from Gr -tektōn, end-c/f of tektōn, a carpenter, a builder. Cf the 1st tecto-                       tecto- (1): Gr tekto-, c/f of tektōn (whence the adj tektonikos, E tectonic), a carpenter, a builder, akin to tekhnē: cf TECHNICAL and ARCHITECT. Exx: tectosphere (cf -sphaera), the asthenosphere, a hypothetical zone that, 30 miles below the earth’s surface, is supposed to yield easily to stresses; Tectospondyli (cf -spondyli)
sabhā	सभा (a village community)	Gospel	8. Whereas gospel, ME gospel, earlier godspel, derives from OE godspell, perh godspell, God’s tidings, but prob god spell, good tidings (cf GOOD and SPELL, n), gossip (ME gossib, earlier godsib) derives from OE godsibb, a person spiritually related to God. Obsol sib, related, derives from OE sibb; sib, a relation, derives from OE sibb, var gesib. OE sibb, -sib, is akin to OHG sippa, MHG sippe, consanguinity, G Sippe, one’s kin, and esp to OFris sibbe, cf OS sibbea (or -ia) and Go sibja; perh cf also Skt , a village community—notoriously inter-related. (Walshe.)
arjuna	अर्जुन (gold ; Arsenic, Gr arrhenikon, yellow, OPer: cf Skt  hiraṇya हिरण्य, Av zaranya, gold ;arjuna अर्जुन white, clear (the colour of the day ; of the dawn ; of the lightning ; of the milk; of silver, etc.))	Gold	gold (n, hence adj) -goldsmith; golden -Golden Age, the;—gild, v, pp gilded or gilt, the latter used derivatively, now usu as n; gall; guilder, golden.—yellow (adj, hence n and v); yolk. 1. Gold, OE gold, is akin to OFris, OS, OHG and G gold, Go gulth, ON gull; Gmc r, *gulth; IE r, *gholt-, var *ghelt-, extn of *ghel-, var *ghol-. The IE r *ghel- (var *ghol-) is seen in OS and OHG gelo, MHG gel, G gelb, yellow, akin to OE geolo, geolu, ME yelwe, later yelow, E yellow, and to ON gull, gold, gulr, yellow. Cf, further, L heluus (adj), pale-yellow, and Gr khloos (s khlo-, ? for *khelo-), a greenish-yellow colour (cf the sep CHLORAL-CHLORINE group), and Skt hari, yellow, and hiranya, gold. 2. OE geolu (s geol-) yellow, has derivative geoleca, contr to geolca, whence ME yelke, later yolke, whence E yolk, the yellow part of an egg. 3. Intimately akin to OE geolu is OE gealla, ME galla, gal, E gall, bile; cf OHG and OS galla, G Galle, ON gal; cf also L fel and Gr kholē (cf the sep CHOLER and, at the element mela-, melano-, the cpd melancholy). 4. To return to gold: the cpds are self-evident; goldsmith, however, descends straight from OE and has an id OFris cognate. 5. ME gold has adj golden; the var ME gulden derives from OE gylden. E golden appears in many fig terms, as, e.g., the golden age, imitative of L aureus, golden, used with aetās, age, or saecula, centuries, or tempus, time. 6. OE gold has derivative v gyldan, to overlay thinly with gold, hence as if with gold; hence ‘to gild’. (For gilt, cf heading.) 7. D and G gulden, golden, hence a gold coin, has—but only in E—the monetary var guilder. The MHG guldēn is elliptical for guldēn phenninc, lit ‘golden penny Slovak: zlato Latin: aurum Hungarian: arany
harita	हरित (gold)
hiraṇya	हिरण्य (gold ; Arsenic, Gr arrhenikon, yellow, OPer: cf Skt  hiraṇya हिरण्य, Av zaranya, gold)
gūrta	गूर्त (approved, welcome, agreeable)	grace (n and v), whence directly graceful and graceless—cf disgrace (n, v), whence disgraceful; gracious, graciosity; obs adj grate, grateful, gratitude—cf ingrate (adj, hence n), ingratitude—cf also ingratiate, whence, anl, ingratiation, ingratiatory; gratify, gratification (pleasure, especially when gained from the satisfaction of a desire); gratis, gratuitous, gratuity; obsol gratulate, gratulation, gratulatory—cf congratulate, congratulation, congratulatory.	1. Grace, adopted from OF-MF (F grace), derives from L grātia, gratitude, something that merits gratitude, a service rendered, hence influence, credit, favour, from grātus, received with favour, agreeable, (also) conscious of favour, prob akin to Skt gūrtás, celebrated (in religious sense), pleasing, dear, gír (gen girás), a song of praise, , he sings of, praises, and Lith girtì, to praise, and girtas, celebrated, dear. (E & M, after Walde.) 2. OF grace has derivative MF gracier, whence ‘to grace’. 3. L grātia becomes It grazia, whence disgrazia (L dis-), whence EF-F disgrâce, whence E disgrace; and It disgrazia has derivative disgraziare, whence EF-F disgrâcier, whence ‘to disgrace’. 4. L grātia (s grāti-) has derivative adj grātiōsus, in favour, amiable, whence OF-MF gracious (whence F gracieux), adopted by E. Derivative late MF-F gracieuseté leads to E graciosity, much rarer than graciousness (gracious+-ness). 5. L grātus becomes the long-obs E grate, agreeable, grateful, whence grateful itself; gratitude, however, perh via MF-F, comes from LL grātitūdō (from grātus). 6. L grātus has neg ingrātus (in-, not), whence MF-F ingrat, f ingrate, whence E ingrate; derivative LL ingrātitūdō yields, perh via MF-F, the E ingratitude. But ‘to ingratiate’ is an E formation—a cpd of in, into+gratia, favour: to bring into favour, usu reflexiveiy (ingratiate oneself). 7. L grātus has the cpd grātificus, favour-making, gratitude-causing (cf the element - fic), with derivative grātificāri, to render a service to, to please by doing so, whence MFF gratifier, whence ‘to gratify’; derivative L grātificātiō, o/s grātificātiōn-, yields—perh via MF-F—gratification. 8. L grātia has abl pl grātiis, with favours, graciously, freely; its contr grātis, used as adv, has been adopted in various IE languages. 9. App from a lost s *gratu- comes L grātuītus, freely rendered (cf fortuītus from fort-, o/s of fors, chance): whence E gratuitous (cf the late MF-F gratuit). Derivative ML grātuītās, o/s grātuītāt-(cf the late MF-F gratuité), accounts for E gratuity, orig graciousness, a gracious act, debased to a tip or even a bribe. 10. L grātia has derivative grātulāri, to render thanks (to the gods), to felicitate, with presp grātulans, o/s grātulant-, whence the literary adj gratulant, and with pp grātulātus, whence ‘to gratulate’; derivative grātulātiō, o/s grātulātiōn-, becomes gratulation, and LL grātulātōrius becomes gratulatory. 11. Grātulāri has cpd congrātulāri, to felicitate warmly (con- implies ‘thoroughly’),
dama	दम (house, home (Latin domus))
śālā	शाला (a house, mansion, building, hall, large room, apartment, shed, workshop, stable)		hall , whence, via Goldsmiths’ Hall (where gold and silver articles were formerly stamped), hallmark; hell, whence hellish and such cpds as hellcat, hellfire, hellhound (OE helle hund); hold of a ship; hole, n (whence adj holey) and v; hollow, adj, whence n and v, and A-Z 1369 hollowness; howe; hulk, n, hence v; hull, n, hence v (whence hiller).—cell, cellular, cellule, Celluloid, cellulose; cellar (n, hence v), cellarage, cellarer; occult, adj (hence n) and v, occultation, occultism, occultish; clandestine.—Cf the sep: CALYPSO and CILIARY (and SUPERCILIOUS) and COLOR (AE), COLOUR (n and v), COLO(U) RABLE, COLORADO, COLORATION, COLORATURA, and CONCEAL and HELMET. 1. The IE r of the entire group is *kel-, to hide, varr *kal-, *kil-, *kol-, *kul-, as in Gr kaluptein and L celāre, to hide, Gr kalia, a hut, Gr koleos, a sheath, L cella, small room, cellar, (LL) cell, L cilium, eyelid, L occultāre, to conceal.  Skt sala , a house. 2. Hall, a large house, but esp a large, high apartment or room, comes, through ME halle or hal, from OE heal or heall, akin to OS and OHG halla, MHG-G halle, a hall, and ON höll, a large house. 3. Hell, orig the place of the dead, comes unchanged from OE and is akin to OFris helle, OS hellia, OHG hellia, hella, MHG helle, G Hölle, MD helle, hille, (as in D) hel, Go halja, hell, and ON Hel, the goddess of the dead; cf also OIr cel, death, and celim, I conceal (OE helan). 4. Although the -d is caused by hold, to contain, a ship’s hold derives, through ME hol or holl, from MD hool, hole, (as D) hol, hole in the ground, hence hold of a ship (hole, or hollow part). 5. Intimately related to this hold, therefore, is hole, ME hol or hole, OE hol, a hole or a cavern, from the OE adj hol, hollow: cf MHG hol, a cave, prop the OHG-MHG adj hol, hollow, used as n, the G adj being hohl and the G n being the very closely related Höhle; cf also the ON adj halr and Go ushulōn, to hollow out, and esp OFris hol, hollow, also a hollow. The OE n hol has derivative v holian, whence ‘to hole’. 6. Akin to the OE adj hol is the OE holh, a hollow, whence the ME adj holgh, later holow, E hollow. 7. Howe, a depression or hollow in land, e.g. a shallow valley, is a Sc derivative (adj before n) from OE hol, a hole. 8. Certainly akin to the prec Gmc words, esp to hell, is hull; prob akin, esp to hole, is hulk, orig a ship, esp if heavily built, now the carcase of a wrecked or dismantled or abandoned ship, hence any clumsily bulky person or thing, from ME hulke, a heavy ship, sense-shifted (cf RUM, adj) from OE hulc, a light and speedy ship, akin to MD hulc, hulke, holc, and OHG holcho. 9. Hull, orig a husk or a pod, hence the frame of a ship, derives, via ME hul, from OE hulu, akin to OHG hulla, MHG-G hulle, a covering, a sheath, a husk, G hullen, Go huljan, OS hullian, OFris hella, to cover, also OE and OS helan, OFris hela, to cover, conceal, hide; therefore cf E hell. Latin 10. Akin to OE helan is the syn L celāre, affecting E mostly in the cpd concelāre; see the sep CONCEAL, Origins 1370 11. Either deriving from or intimately cognate with L celāre is L cella, whence, via OF-EF then ME celle, the E cell. The dim cellula becomes EF-F and E cellule and has, in F, the derivative adj cellulaire, whence E cellular; likewise F is cullulose (Chem -ose); Celluloid, with suffix -oid, is a trade-name. 12. L cella, in its sense ‘a (small) store-room’, has derivative adj cellānus, with neu cellārium used as n ‘pantry’, whence OF-MF celier (EF-F cellier), whence ME celer, celier, whence E cellar, now esp a wine-cellar, whence cellarage (collective -age). Cellarer derives from OF-MF celerier, from celier; perh prompted by LL cellārius, keeper of a (wine-)cellar, prop the adj used as n. 13. L celāre, to hide, has derivative adv clam (for *celam: complementary to palam, publicly, openly), secretly, very much in private. Hence the adj clandestīnus (forminfluenced by intestīnus, internal): whence, perh via MF-F clandestin, the E clandestine. 14. The L s cel- has var cul- in occulere (oc- for ob-, as in obstruct), to cover up, obscure, hide, with pp occultus, whence the E adj occult. ‘To occult’ derives, however, from L occultāre, to conceal, hide, an int of occulere; on occultāt-, s of pp occultātus, arises occultātiō, o/s occultātiōn-, whence E occultation; occultism and occultist derive from adj occult.
horā	होरा (an hour (the 24th part of an aho-rātra-))	hora , horal, horary (adj, hence n); horoscope—cf the 1st element horo-, q.v. for horologe; hour, whence hourglass and hourly;—yore; year (whence yearling—cf the n suffix - ling), yearly.	horā होरा (fr. Greek ) an hour (the 24th part of an aho-rātra-) 1. Eccl hora, a book of hours, is L hōra, an hour, with adjj hōrālis, whence horal, and hōrārius, whence horary. 2. L hōra derives from Gr hōra , a season, hence a period of the day, an hour, whence Hōrai, the three goddesses presiding over the seasons of the year, whence also the cpd hōroskopos, lit ‘hour-surveyor’ (cf SCOPE and the element -scope), that part of a zodiacal sign which comes above the horizon at a given moment, hence a diagram that, showing the twelve signs in position, enables astrologers to predict a person’s life, a sense occurring already in Gr, whence the L hōroscopus (cf the LL hōroscopīum, an instrument for casting nativities), whence EF-F, hence E, horoscope, the adj horoscopic going back, through LL hōroscopicus, to Gr hōroskopikos. 3. L hōra becomes OF hore, varr ore, ure, whence ME hore (varr ure, our), later hour, E hour. 4. With Gr hōra, a season of the year, cf OE gēar 3. L hōra becomes OF hore, varr ore, ure, whence ME hore (varr ure, our), later hour, E hour. 4. With Gr hōra, a season of the year, cf OE gēar, whence, through ME yeer, yer, the E year; the derivative OE adj gēarlīc, ‘year-like’, becomes E yearly, and the derivative OE adv gēara, formerly, becomes ME yare, whence EE yore, extant only in of yore, lit ‘from formerly’, hence ‘long ago’. 5. OE gēar, a year, is akin to OFris jēr (iēr), OS jār, OHG-MHG jār, G Jahr, Go jēr, MD jaer, jair, D jaar, and ON ār (for *jār): cf also OSl jara, Pol jar, Cz jaro, Spring, and Av yāre, Skt -yār- in cpds, Gr hōros, a year, pl hōroi, annals, which brings us back to Gr hōra, a season of the year (esp Spring), part of a day, esp an hour, L hōra, F heure (OF hore, ure, eure, etc.), E hour, as in paras 1–3, esp 2. The Gmc r is app *jāēr hour horoscope
agni	अग्नि (fire, sacrificial fire (of three kinds, gārhapatya-, āhavanīya-, and dakṣiṇa-))		igneous ; ignescent; ignite, ignition; cf L ignis fatuus, ‘foolish [cf FATUITY] fire’, the gleam (E will-o’-the-wisp) that, arising from marshy ground, tends to mislead travellers; cf the element igne(o)-or igni-. L ignis, fire, a fire, IE etymon *egnis: cf Skt agnís, fire; Hit Agnis (? Fire-God); OSl ogni, Lith ugnis, Lett uguns, fire. Derivative adj igneus becomes E igneous; derivative ignītus, on fire, leads to LL ignīre, to set on fire, pp ignītus, whence ‘to ignite’; (from ignis) inch LL ignescere, to become hot, catch fire, has presp ignescens, o/s ignescent-, whence the E adj ignescent. Ignition, E and F, app derives from L ignītus, but as if from L *ignītīo, o/s * ignītiōn-.
rocis	रोचिस् ( light, lustre, brightness)	light (3), n, brightness—adj, bright—v, to illuminate (whence the vn lighting), to shine; lighten—enlighten, enlightenment; lightning; leven or levin; lea (meadow); Loki—L: lux; lucent; Lucia, Lucius, Lucy; Lucifer; lucid, lucidity; lucubrate, lucubration; luminary, luminous; luna, lunacy, lunar, lunatic (‘loony’), lunation, lunette—cf demilune and sublunary; luster (AE), lustre, lustrous perh luxuriant, luxuriate, luxurious, luxury, de luxe.—L cpds: elucidate, elucidation, elucidatory—illume, illuminant, illuminate, illuminati, illumination, illuminative, illuminator, illumine— limn—illustrate, illustration, illustrative, illustrator, and illustrious.—pellucid.—Gr: leucite, leucoma, leukemia, cf the element leuco-; lynx, whence the adj lyncean.	Germanic and Indo-European 1. Both ‘to light’, illumine, OE , līhtan, and light, bright, derive from OE lēoht, illumination, ME liht, later light, retained by E: and OE lēoht is akin to OFris liācht (n, light, a candle, and adj, bright), OS lioht, OHG lioht, MHG lieht, G Licht, light, a candle, Go liuhath, MD lucht, locht(e), lecht, liecht, (as in D) licht, with adj lucht, liechte, lichte, and differently suffixed ON līos (ljōs), a light; to OIr lōche, brightness, lócharn, a light, a lamp (cf the F lucarne); to OSl luči, light (n), luča, a ray of light; to Arm lois, leys, a light, with gen lusoy, L lūx (gen lūcis), a light, brightness, lūcēre, to shine; Gr leukos, shining, white; Skt rōčís (for *raučís for *leukís), a light, , it shines, , brilliant, Hit lukke-, to be light, to become day, lukkes-, to become light, lukitta, next day; Tokh A luk-, to shine. The Gmc r is *liuh-; the IE r, *leuk-. (Walshe.) The word is perh Medit: ? cf the Eg metathetic complements ukheb, ubekh, to shine, to be bright, andLatin 6. The L r is lūc-, seen basically in lūcēre, to shine, and lūx (for *lūcs; gen lūcis), light, esp that of day. Prob from lūx are the PNN Lūcius, f Lūcia (whence F Lucie, E Lucy); certainly a cpd is the adj lūcifer, light-bringing (c/f lūci-+-fer, -bringing), whence Lūcifer, the Morning Star; Lūcifer, Satan, is a creation of EcclL. 7. Lūcēre, to shine, has presp lūcens, o/s lūcent-, whence the E adj lucent, whence lucence, usu lucency. 8. Lūcēre has derivative adj lūcidus, shining, brilliant, dazzling-clear, whence late MFF lucide and E lucid; derivative LL lūciditas, o/s lūciditāt-, becomes late MF-F lucidité and E lucidity. 9. The L r lūc- prob appears in lūmen (? for *lūcmen), light, usu a light, o/s lūmin-, adj lūminōsus, whence MF-F lumineux, f lumineuse, whence E luminous; subsidiary ML lūminōsitās, o/s lūminōsitāt-, becomes luminosity. Lūmen has the further adj *lūmināris, neu lūmināre, as in the n lūmināre, a torch, usu in pl lūmināria, whence OF-MF luminarie (cf F luminaire), whence E luminary. Lūmen has also the deriv v lūmināre, to illumine, presp lūminans, o/s lūminant-, whence the E adj, hence n, luminant; pp lūminātus, whence ‘to luminate’; derivative LL lūminātiō, o/s lūminātiōn-, becomes lumination, and LL lūminātor, giver of light, adopted by, though now obs at, the University of St Andrews. Luminescence derives from luminescent, as if from *lūminescent-, o/s of * lūminescens, presp of *lūminescere, to begin to grow light, inch of lumināre. Cf the ilium- cpds in para 16. 10. Lūx, o/s lūc-, has derivative lūcubrum, a small fire, ? hence a lamp, lamp-light, whence lūcubrāre, to work by lamp-light, pp lūcubrātus, used by LL as adj ‘(of a literary work) carefully composed’, whence the E literary adj and n lucubrate; derivatives lūcubrātiō, o/s lūcubrātiōn-, and lūcubratōrius (adj suffix -ōrius) yield lucubration and lucubratory. 11. L lūna, the moon, prop ‘the luminous’, represents either a contr of *lūcěna or orig the f of an adj *lūnus, with -na the f of the IE adj formative -no-. The OF-F form lune is adopted by Geom and, in the cpd demilune (‘half-moon’), by fortification; the late OF-F Latin compounds 15. L lūcidus has LL derivative ēlūcidāre, to bring the inner lux or light ē or out of, to explain thoroughly esp a difficult matter, pp ēlūcidātus, whence ‘to elucidate’, whence, anl, elucidation (perh after EF-F élucidation) and elucidatory. 16. L lūmināre gives way to the orig int (il- for in-) illūmināre, whence OF-F illuminer, whence ‘to illumine’; the pp illūminātus yields both the adj (hence n) and v illuminate and also, partly via It, illuminati, lit ‘persons lit up’. Derivatives LL illūminātio (o/s illūminātion-) and LL illūminātor, shedder of light, ML illuminator of books, lead, the former prob via OF-F, to illumination and illuminator; and illuminative perh owes something to F illuminatif, f -ive. 17. ML illūmināre, to illuminate books (sem from the bright initial capital letters affected by medieval scribes), becomes MF enluminer (in OF, to render brilliant, to light up, from the L senses of inlūmināre, a mostly learned var of illūmināre), whence ME enluminen, whence, by aphesis, luminen, duly contr and thinned to late ME limnen, whence ‘to limn’; luminen has agent luminer, whence, anl, limner. 18. L lustrum (see para 13) has two int derivatives in il- (for in-, into): illustris (s illustr-), very luminous, brilliant, hence famous, whence both MF-F illustre and E illustrious; illustrāre, to render very luminous, hence brilliant, hence illustrious, hence, in late ML      “Ruz” of Persian is pronounced as Rôž in Kurdi, Ruž in Kermaanshahan, Rôč in Balochi, and Roja in Naeen. This word is turned to ‘Jor’ in French which is reverse of ‘Roz’, and in Italian it is ‘Jorno’. This word in Dari Persian is pronounced as Rôz and Rôz and Rôž, and it used to be pronounced as Rôč in ancient Pahlavi. All of which were derived Avestan root word of Roâča or Raôčang which means light.
snuṣā	स्नुषा (daughter-in-law)	Nymph ((in Greek and Roman stories) a spirit in the form of a young woman that lives in rivers, woods, etc.), lymph	lymph , lymphatic; limpid, limpidity; nubile, whence nubility; nuptial (adj, hence n, esp in pl); connubial;—nymph. 1. The n lymphatic derives from the adj, itself from L lymphaticus, distracted, frantic, (love-)mad, a sense obs in E, the E adj going back to the sense of the source: L lympha, water, whence EF-F lymphe and E lymph, (poetic and obsol for) water, with that special sense in An and Physio which affects the adj in ‘lymphatic ducts and l. system’. L lympha is perh a LGr reshaping of OL limpa, var of lumpa, a dissimilation of Gr numphē, a goddess of moisture, of springs, etc. 2. OL limpa app acquires the L adj limpidus, water-like, hence as clear as water, whence, prob via late MF-F limpide, the E limpid; derivative LL limpiditās, o/s limpiditāt-, becomes late EF-F limpidité and E limpidity. 3. Gr numphē, goddess of waters, hence a nymph, also a young girl, becomes L nympha, nymph, young woman, bride, whence OF, hence ME, nimphe, E nymph (cf F nymphe), with adj nymphal (cf LL nymphālis, of a spring); the adj nymphean goes back to Gr numphaios. 4. Gr numphē is akin to Gr nuos, Arm nu (gen nuoy), L nurus, daughter-in-law, Alb nuse, bride. The IE r is app *neu-, with s- var *sneu-: cf ON snor, OHG snur, G Schnur, Skt snusa, daughter-in-law. (Hofmann.) 5. The IE *neu- occurs in L nūbere (s nūb-, r nū-), to marry, whence nūbilis, (of a girl) able to marry, whence EF-F and E nubile. The cpd cōnūbium (co- for con-, from cum, with), marriage, has adj cōnubiālis, later connubiālis, whence E connubial. 6. L nūbere, to marry, has pp nuptus, whence nuptiae (f pl), a wedding, with adj nuptiālis, whence MF-F and E nuptial. a forest nymph Snusa (Daughter-in-law)
mitra	मित्र (Name of an āditya- (generally invoked together with varuṇa) ; Mitra became St. Demetrius. In the Balkans, the day of St. Demetrius on November 8 is still called Mitrovdan, or Mitra’s Day, and it marks the beginning of winter ; Mithra (Mehr, Mihr, Meher) , One of the Yazatas in Zarathushtrian)	Mithra is Mithras: L from Gr Mithras: OPer Mithra, a Per god of light, akin to the Ve Mitra, an Ancient Indian god of the sun. The adj is either Mithraic, from E Mithra, or Mithriac, from LL Mithriacus, of Mithras.—Perh cf MITRE.	Mithraism Mitra is an Aryan Sun God who had origins in the Veda. He was a part of the Persian religion and adapted as Mithras in the Roman empire Since men and Soldiers primarily worshipped him he merged easily into Sol Invictus, the Unconquered Sun. Rome also included Jupiter/Zeus, Apollo, and Osiris to name a few under Sol Invictus. Later Christian concepts were swapped in keeping the Sol Invictus but changing him to Jesus. The Sun imagery (Halos, the Cross etc) was maintained and included in the new religion of Catholicism.
naptṛ	नप्तृ (Lat. nepōt- ‘nephew’ , napāt)
naptrī	नप्त्री (pautrī, sutātmajā)
Apá̄ṃ nápāt	अपांनपात् (son of waters, name of a god; Apam Napat is a deity in the Indo-Iranian pantheon associated with water. His names in the Vedas, Apām Napāt, and in Zoroastrianism, Apąm Napāt, mean "child of the waters" )	Neptune	Neptune , adj Neptunian, derive from L Neptūnus, orig a god of springs and streams, later God of the Sea, adj Neptūnius; cf Ve  apam nápat, Av apąm napá, descendant (cf para 1 of NEPHEW) of the waters. (E & M.) Roman God Neptune with trident
apas	अपस् (work, action, especially sacred act, sacrificial act )	Opera (a play in which the actors (opera singers) sing the words to music), (whence operatic), operetta; operand, operant, operate, operation (whence operational), operative (adj, hence n), operator, operose, opus, opuscule; co-operate, co-operation, co-operative, co-operator—inoperable, inoperative; hors d’oeuvre;— avera and average, forms of feudal service; cf the sep OFFICE.	apas अपस् n. (fr. 1. /ap-), work, action, especially sacred act, sacrificial act  [ Latin opus-.] अस॑मम् । क्ष॒त्रम् । अस॑मा । म॒नी॒षा । प्र । सो॒म॒ऽपाः । अप॑सा । स॒न्तु॒ । नेमे॑ Unequalled is his might; unequalled is his wisdom; may these drinkers of the Soma become equal to him the pious act Rig Veda 1.54.8 1. The entire group derives from L opus, work, itself adopted by E, esp in Mus and in medieval names of embroidery, and also in magnum opus, a great work, esp in size or in time needed for writing it; its pl is opera, therefore its o/s oper-. L opus is akin to L opis, gen of *ops (attested by Ops, an ancient goddess of the harvest, her festival being the Opalia), meaning both ‘abundance, hence riches, strength’, and ‘aid’; akin also to Skt āpas (gen āpasas), work; in Gmc, cf ON efni, material to be used, efna, to accomplish, OE aefnan, efnan, to perform. (E & M; Holthausen.) 2. The neupl opera becomes a sep f sing opera, work, whether as activity or as result, whence It opera, work, hence a composition, esp musical, adopted by E; the It dim operetta is likewise adopted. L opera has adj operōsus, whence operose; the L dim of L opus is opusculum, whence late MF-F opuscule, adopted by E. 3. Both from L opus and from L opera derives L operāri, LL operāre, with gerundive operandus, whence the Math E n operand; presp operans, o/s operant-, whence the E n operant; pp operātus, whence ‘to operate’, with derivatives operātiō, o/s operātiōn-, MFF opération, E operation, and LL operātīuus, efficacious, ML operātīvus, whence, perh via F, the E operative, and LL operātor, adopted by E. 4. The LL prefix-cpd coöperāri has pp coöperātus, whence ‘to co-operate’; derivative LL coöperātiō, o/s coöperātiōn-, MF-F co-opération, E cooperation; derivative LL coöperatīuus, ML -īvus, (F co-opératif and) E co-operative; derivative LL coöperātor, adopted by E. 5. LL operābilis produces operable (cf the F opérable), with neg inoperable (cf F inopérable), perh aided by LL inoperātus, inactive; cf the anl inoperative. 6. L opera, work, becomes OF oevre, uevre whence F æuvre, with the EF-F cpd horsd’oeuvre, adopted by E. 7. L opera also becomes OF oevre, var ovre, whence app ML avera, adopted by E for a feudal service; ML avera (prob influenced by ML; OF-MF aver property) has derivative averagium, whence, perh via MF average, the ME average, a feudal tenant’s service opera singer  call centre operator operating doctors office
bhagavati	भगवति (feminine form of Supreme Paramatma)		pagoda , a temple: Port pagode: Tamil pagavadi: Skt bhagavatī, belonging to a deity, from bhagavat, a deity. Chinese Pagoda
plāva	प्लाव (flowing over, filling a vessel till it overflows  pluti प्लुति overflowing, a flood)		pluvial , Jupiter Pluvius; plover. 1. Pluvial derives from ML pluviālis, L pluuiālis, adj of pluuia, rain, from pluuius, rainy—Jupiter Pluvius being Jupiter in his role of Rain God: and pluuius derives from pluere, to rain, s and r plu-: cf Skt plavayati, it overflows, and Gr plunō, I wash. 2. L pluuia, rain, has VL derivative *pluuiārius, *pluviārius, lit the rain bird (because flocks arrive with the rainy season), whence OF plouvier, plovier (EF-F pluvier), whence E plover. pluvial floods
gnā	ग्ना (wife, a divine female, kind of goddess )		gnā ग्ना Definition: f. (nom sg.? gn/ās- ) "wife" (=, jan-), a divine female, kind of goddess  1. Queen, ME quen or quene, a queen, comes from OE cwēn, a woman (esp a wife), hence ‘the woman’ of a country, its queen: cf OS quān, woman, wife, Go qēns, ON kvān, wife, queen—Gr gunē (OSl žena), woman queen
varuṇa	वरुण ("All-enveloping Sky", Name of an āditya)		Urania , Uranus; uranite, uranium (whence, anl, uranic and diuranatc: di-, Gr dis, twice +uranium +Chem n-suffix -ate); cf the element urano-, where see uranology and uranoscopy,—Varuna. 1. Urania, the Muse of Astronomy, is the L trln of Gr Ourania, from ourania, the f of ouranios, the adj of ouranos, the heavens, the sky, personified as Ouranos, the Lord of Heaven, the husband of Gaia (Earth) and the father of the Titans, whence LL Uranus, whence the planet Uranus discovered by Herschel in 1781. In 1789 the G chemist Klaproth discovered an element he named Uran, in honour of Herschel; from the F form urane the F chemist Péligot named, in 1841, the element he, in turn, discovered— uranium (Chem element suffix -ium), adopted by E. Derivative from G Uran is G Uranit, whence the F uranite, adopted by E. (B & W.)
vāñchā	वाञ्छा (wish, desire, longing for )	Venerable (respected because of your age, personality, position or wisdom) (venerability), venerate, veneration, venerative; venereal, venery (both senses), Venus (Roman goddess of love and beauty); venial (whence veniality); venison—cf venatic; venom, venomous— veneniferous, venenific.—Gmc cognates: win (v, hence n), whence winner, winning, pa and vn (often in pl), pa, pt, won—winsome; ween, whence pa, vn, weening, esp in over-weening; wont (adj, n, v), whence pa wonted (neg unwonted)—cf wean; wish, v (hence n, whence wishful), pa, vn wishing—cf wistful. 1. Venerable comes from OF-F vénérable (orig accentless): ML venerābilis, L uenerābilis, from uenerāri (early, also -āre), to address (to a god) a request or supplication for a favour or a forgiveness, hence to pay the utmost respect to; derivative LL uenerabilitās yields venerability. From the pp uenerātus and its derivatives L uenerātiō, LL uenerātiuus, L uenerātor, come, via the ML forms in v-, ‘to venerate’— Origins 3664 veneration, prob imm from OF-MF veneration (EF-F véné-)—venerative—venerator. 2. L uenerāre, -āri, perh basically ‘to express a (strong) wish or desire to’, has s uener- , an extn of the uen- we see in L uenia and L Uenus (ML Venus); this uen-, app meaning ‘to desire, to love’, occurs, with varr *wan-, *win-, *won-, *wun-, in such words as Skt vanchati , he desires, Ve vánas-, loving, esp in cpds, e.g., gīr- , hymn-loving (adj)—OHG wunskan, G wünschen, to desire, to wish, OHG wunna, great joy—E wish and win, Perh cf also Hit wen-, to desire (a woman) violently, ‘sleep’ with her, violate her—the precise meanings are obscure
van	वन् (to gain, acquire, procure (for one's self or others), to conquer, win, become master of, possess)		Germanic Cognates 7. Logically, it is preferable to begin with ‘to wish’: ME wischen, var of wuschen: OE wyscan: cf OHG wunskan, G wünschen, to wish, and OE wusc, OHG wunsc, MHG-G wunsch, (without the digamma) ON ōskr, Skt vāñchā, a wish: all originat-ing in ‘desire’ and tending to weaken to ‘wish’. From the derivative wishful comes, by f/e asso-ciation with the interj whist, wistful. 8. Then one may consider ‘to win’, to endeavour desirously, to struggle, hence to contend, hence, vt, to obtain by strenuous endeavour, hence by contest or battle: ME winnen: OE winnan, to strive, struggle, fight: cf OFris winna, OS and OHG winnan, to strive, to toil, OHG gewinnan (ge- is int), MHG gewinnen, to gain by effort, G to gain or win, ON vinna, to toil, to gain by toil, to gain—cf Go winnan, to torment oneself, and Skt vanoti , he conquers. Here, the OGmc r *win- is app a thinning of the wun- attested by OHG wunskan, to desire. (Walshe.)
vāc	वाच् (speech, voice, talk, language (also of animals), sound (also of inanimate objects as of the stones used for pressing, of a drum etc.))	vocable , vocabulary, vocabulum; vocal, vocalism, vocalist, vocality, vocalize (whence vocalization); vocation (whence vocational), vocative (adj, hence n); vociferant, vociferate, vociferation, vociferous; vocule; voice (n, hence v), whence voiceless; vouch, voucher, vouchsafe; vowel; vox humana and vox populi—cf voix céleste.— Gr: epic, epos.—L cpds, incl R derivatives: advocacy, advocate (n, v), advocation, advocatory; advowson; avocation, whence, anl, avocative; avouch, whence avouchment; avow, whence avowal; convocant, convocate, convocation—convoke; equivocal, equivocate, equivocation, equivoque; evocable, evocation, evocative, evocatory—evoke; in vocable, invocation(the act of asking for help, especially from a god, law or person in authority; the act of referring to something or of calling for something to appear)—invoke; plurivocal; provocable, provocation, provocative—provoke; revocable (and irrevocable), revocation— revoke; semi vocal; univocal.	1. Behind all these words stands L uōx (ML vōx), o/s uōc-: cf Skt vāk, Av vāxš (acc vāčem), the voice, and váčas, a word—Tokh A wak, B wek, voice—MIr fūaimm, a noise (Ga fuaim), OC etymon *vokmen, and syn Cor guith or gyc (gyk)—OP wackis, a warcry— Homeric opon (acc), Attic épos (nom), a word, for *wopon and *wepos—OHG giwahe, fame: for vv, cf Skt vakti, Ve vivakti (vi- redup), he speaks, , he has spoken, Skt vocá-, he spoke—OP wackītwei, to entice (speak fair words to)—OHG giwahannēn (gi- int), MHG gewähenen (pt gewuoc), G erwähnen. The OGmc r is *wah-; the IE, *wek- alternating with *wok-, the voice, to speak. (E & M; Hofmann; Walshe.) Perh cf also the Hit wek-, to ask, wekun, I asked.
mah	मह् (great, strong, powerful mighty, abundant )
gharma	घर्म  ((ghṛ-) heat, warmth (of the sun or of fire), sunshine etc.)		; -thermy; thermato-, thenn(o)-: first two, from Gr thermē (s therm-), heat—cf THERM; (thermato-) from thermat-, the o/s of the var therma, pl thermata; (thermo-) Gr therm(o)-, c/f of thermē. Exx: megatherm (mega-) and colpotherm (colpo-); hyperthermy (prefix hyper-); thermatology, the science of heat, esp (Med) of the use of hot baths or springs; thermometer, a heat-measurer (cf -meter)—thermophile (-phile), an organism thriving in heat—thermostat (-stat), a device for regulating the heat used
dhā	धा (dhārakas, holding, a holder)		therapeutic (whence therapeutics), therapy. Therapeutic derives, perh via EF-F thérapeutique, from Gr therapeutikos, adj of therapeutēs, an attendant (esp a Med attendant), agent of therapeuein, to take care of, from theraps, an attendant, whence Gr therapeia (medical) attendance, whence E therapy. Gr theraps, acc therapa, s therap-, has r ther-: European *dher-, to hold (up), to support. thoraci- , thorac(o)-: the former, from L thōrax, the chest, gen thorācis; the latter, from Gr thōrak (o)-, c/f of thōrax, perh akin to Skt dhārakas, holding, a holder, with European r *dhar-, varr *dher-, *dhor-. Exx: thoracispinal; thoracalgia (cf -algia, pain) and thoracoscope, an instrument for inspecting (cf -scope) the cavity of the chest. E thorax has adj thoracic, with c/f thoracico-  ; therapeutic (whence therapeutics), therapy. Therapeutic derives, perh via EF-F thérapeutique, from Gr therapeutikos, adj of therapeutēs, an attendant (esp a Med attendant), agent of therapeuein, to take care of, from theraps, an attendant, whence Gr therapeia (medical) attendance, whence E therapy. Gr theraps, acc therapa, s therap-, has r ther-: IE *dher-, to hold (up), to support.
deva	देव (a deity, Devata ; Native American Teo. Teu, Teuh)		theosophy —whence, anl, theosophical and theo-sophist—derives from ML, from LGr, theosophia, a knowledge of the divine, from theosophos, one who is wise in divine matters: theo-, c/f of theos, a god (L Gr Theos, God)+sophos, wise (cf SOPHISM).
tan	तन् (to extend, spread, be diffused (as light) over, shine, extend towards, reach to ; to stretch (a cord), extend or bend (a bow), spread, spin out)		tino- : from Gr teinein (s tein-), to stretch; as in Pal Tinoceras (cf -ceras at -cera).    ; -tone , 2 -tonia, 3 -tonic, 4 -tonous, 5 -tonus, -tony; 7 tone-, 8 tonico-: all from L tonus, a tone, a sound, (orig) a stretching, from Gr tonos, tension, hence pitch or accent of the voice: cf TONE. Resp: from E tone, or from Gr -tonos (end-c/f of tonos), occ via LL - tonus; 2, Gr -tonia, from tonos; 3, either from Gr tonikos or simply for E tonic; 4, var of 3, but deriving from Gr -tonos, adj c/f of tonos; 5, SciLc/f from L tonus; 6, a Med, yet truly E, var of 2 (-tonia); 7, Gr tono-, c/f of tonos; 8, for E tonic. Exx: barytone, from the Gr adj barutonos, deepsounding (cf bary-), and demitone; isotonia (iso-); isotonic=Gr isotonos+adj suffix -ic; isotonous= Gr isotonos, having equal tension of unvarying pitch; geotonus, Plant Physio ‘the normal state of an organ with reference to gravity’ (Webster); isotony= isotonia; tonology, the history, or the science (cf -logy at -loger), of tones or of in tonation—tonogram (cf -gram)—tonoscope (c - scope).
takṣaka	तक्षक ( of a nāga)
trita	त्रित ("third")		trit(o)- : Gr trit(o)-, c/f of tritos, third: cf THIRD. Exx: tritagonist, in Gr drama the actor playing the third most important part, Gr trita--gōnistēs; (cf -agonist); Zoo tritocerebrum, the third section of an insect’s brain
dvi	द्वि (dual number two,  dvau-, dva)		twi- [, c/f of E TWO, as in twibill, has been treated under Prefixes.)
anya	अन्य (the one, the other, L ūni-, c/f of ūnus, one, single ; One, Old English ān, of Germanic origin; related to Dutch een and German ein)		uni- : L ūni-, c/f of ūnus, one, single: cf numerical ONE. Exx: UNICORN; UNIFORM; unisonous, having one sound (cf -sonous at -sonance) or pitch, (hence) concordant; univalent, having one value, single—cf -valent at vale- ; universo- : for universe, as in universology, the science of the universe.
vaśā	वशा
vakra	वक्र (crooked, curved, bent, tortuous, twisted, wry, oblique ; west, vesper (evening prayer))
harita	हरित (yellowish, greenish ; Zarathushtra)
uṣṭra	उष्ट्र ( a camel ; Zarathushtra)	a camel ; Zarathushtra
asura	असुर (spiritual, incorporeal, divine ; Ahura Mazda )
medhā	मेधा (intelligence, prudence, wisdom, Ahura Mazda )
ṛta	ऋत (truth, righteousness, Mazdayasna, medh¹am r. tasya, the religion of Ahura Mazda)
yajña	यज्ञ (act of worship or devotion, offering, oblation, Yasna)
mantra	मन्त्र (a sacred formula addressed to any individual deity, verse of the Gathas, is called a mathra or manthra)
hotṛ	होतृ	a priest who at a sacrifice invokes the gods or recites the ṛg-veda; zaotar
aś	अश्	prevading / vyāpti; Asman (one of the Yazatas) ; aśman अश्मन् , the firmament (the heavens or sky)
homa	होम	the act of making an oblation to the deva-s by casting clarified butter into the fire (deva-yajña); (one of the Yazatas)
uṣas	उषस्	daybreak, dawn, twilight; Ushah (one of the Yazatas) ; subah सुबह in Persian
vṛtraghna	वृत्रघ्न	the slayer of Vṛtra’—i.e., Indra; Warharan (one of the Yazatas)
sarvatra	सर्वत्र	everywhere, in every case, always, at all times ; Haurvatat
amartyatva	अमर्त्यत्व	immortality; Amaratat (Amaratva)
aryaman	अर्यमन्	Name of an āditya- (who is commonly invoked together with varuṇa- and mitra-, also with bhaga-, bṛhaspati-, and others; In Ya•st 3, there is invocation to Airyam¹a
sarasvatī	सरस्वती	Aradvi S¹ur¹a An¹ahit¹a (Sarasvati ¶S¹ur¹a): also Harahvati ; the goddess An¹ahit¹a ; ancient Persian Goddess, a Zoroastrian Yazata
rayi	रयि	possessions, treasure, wealth; A•si, Maz¹a-ray¹³ (Mah¹a-ray¹³): Fortune, \treasure-laden" (Ya•st 17) ; Mazār, plural mazārāt, Arabic in origin, the word has been borrowed by Persian ; Raees is an variant of the Arabic name Rais ; raivata रैवत, descended from a wealthy family, rich
aśman	अश्मन्	the firmament; Zend asman; Persian as2ma1n; Lithuanian akmu; Slavonic or Slavonian kamy; Asm¹an (A¶sman): Stony vault, Sky; seen in opposition to Zam, Earth.
kṣam	क्षम्	the ground, earth; Zam, Earth
atharvan	अथर्वन्	fire ; Atar (Atharvan): Agni
dātṛ	दातृ	a giver, donor, liberal ; D¹ad¹ar (D¹at¹a): Giver
gav	गव्	a cow ; G¹av (Gauh. ): Cosmic Cow, Earth ; Gavaevodata is a primordial cow in Zoroastrian mythology. It was created by Ahura Mazda, the highest deity of Zoroastrianism.
bṛhaspati	बृहस्पति	Srao·sa (Br.has-pati): Companion of Mithra. In later Persia, as Sar¹o·s or Siroos
tvaṣṭṛ	त्वष्टृ	creator of living beings, the heavenly builder; Thwore·sta (Tvas.t.r.)
wind, air ; V¹ad (V¹ata): Wind ; Baad(باد ) in Persian means wind (“Ba” for “Va”).	वात	wind, air ; V¹ad (V¹ata): Wind ; Baad(باد ) in Persian means wind.
vivasvan	विवस्वन्	to shine forth ; Vivanhvant (Vivasvant): Sun
yama	यम	Devta who presides over the pitṛ-s and rules the spirits of the dead; Yima (Yama); as in Jam or Jamshed (Yima Kh·saeta, \Yima Radiant")
amṛta	अमृत	immortal ; Ame•sa (Amr.ta): Immortal ; Amesha Spenta (Immortal Energy), One of the Yazatas in Zoroastrian
ahi	अहि	a snake ; Azi (Ahi): Dragon. This is the dragon that covers truth ; Azhi Dahāka
yajamāna	यजमान	the person paying the cost of a yajna, the institutor of an yajna, (who to perform it employs a priest or priests; fram¹ayi·sn (Yajam¹ana)
snā	स्ना	bathing , snāna स्नान, bathing  ; N¹ahn (Sn¹ana): ritual bath
pāvaka	पावक	pure, clear, bright, shining; P¹avi (Pavitra): place to sacri¯ce
urvarā	उर्वरा	Urvar (urvar): plant or productive ground; ruv¹an, soul
svāhā	स्वाहा	an oblation; V¹ah, V¹ah (Sv¹ah¹a, Sv¹ah¹a): Invocation at the ritual
Yātudhāna	यातुधान	in the Rigveda and later denotes a 'sorcerer', 'wizard', or 'magician'); Yatu (y¹atu): magic; j¹adu
stotra	स्तोत्र	praise, eulogium, a hymn of praise, ode ; Zaothra (Stotra): Worship
āhuti	आहुति	offering oblations with fire to the deities; Azuiti ( ¹Ah¹uti): Plenty
lābha	लाभ	Lith. wish profit and wealth to others and say Labhas
pādu	पादु	a foot ; Lith paadus, sole
madhu	मधु	honey (said to possess intoxicating qualities and to be of 8 kinds ; Medus is honey in Lith ; Madeh in Jund
asru	अस्रु	tear ; Asru is tears in Lith
avi	अवि	a sheep ; avis is sheep in Lith
bhaga	भग	Name of an āditya- (bestowing wealth and presiding over love and marriage ; The generic name for Devata in the Slavic world is Bog, or भग.
rud	रुद्	weeping, shedding tears / aśru-vimocana ; Slavic Rod, faith ; rud रुद् meaning “to cry” or “lament” (as the new-born baby does) that alludes to how normal consciousness is of helplessness unless it attains the Supreme
Parjanya	पर्जन्य	Slavic Devata Perun
cakra	चक्र	Kolovrat, a slavic sign ; wheel, circle
dakṣa	दक्ष	name of an āditya-; Dazhbog, Skt. दक्ष-भग
śyena	श्येन	coming from an eagle; Simargl, Skt. श्येन मृग, śyena-bird, from which comes Persian Simurgh
mokṣa	मोक्ष	emancipation, liberation, release from ; Mokosz is a Devi in Slavic mythology, also wife of the thunder god, Perun,
svarga	स्वर्ग	the abode of light and of the Devas ; Slavic God Svarog, the God of sky
sabhā	सभा	a place for public meetings, large assembly-room or hall, palace, court of a king or of justice, council-chamber ; in Bulgaria as sobor (assembly, sabhā सभा
karman	कर्मन्	act, action, performance, business ; kurban  Arabic kurban
Indra	इन्द्र	the Devata of the atmosphere and sky ; Christianity assimilated the Vedic deities as saints. Scholars accept that Indra was transformed into St. Andrew
Arvan	अर्वन्	a courser (a swift horse), horse
kṛ	कृ	to do, make, perform, accomplish, cause, effect, prepare, undertake ; Create, cereal
ūrj	ऊर्ज्	to strengthen, invigorate, refresh  ; Latin urge-o ; Al-Ozi or Ozza ; orgasm
garbha	गर्भ	interior chamber, adytum or sanctuary of a temple ; Kaba  is a corruption of the Sanskrit word Gabha (Garbha + Graha) which means Sanctum
asita	असित	dark-coloured, black ; Sangey Aswad (Located in the eastern corner of the Kaaba is the Black Stone of Mecca)
bhrātṛ	भ्रातृ	brother (often used to designate a near relative or an intimate friend, especially as a term of friendly address) ; Bruder
mātṛ	मातृ	mother ; Mutter ; “Maadar” (مادر ) is Persian (Ta to Da)
pitṛ	पितृ	father ; Vater
miśraṇa	मिश्रण	mixing, mixture ; Mischen
manu	मनु	thinking, wise, intelligent , "the thinking creature", man, mankind
interior, internal, inward ; “Andar” (اندر ) in Persian (“da” to “Ta”)	आन्तर	interior, internal, inward
mantri	मन्त्रि	a king's counsellor, minister ;पुर्तगाली mandarim, डच mandorijn, मलय mantri , wise or eloquent
mantrin	मन्त्रिन्	wise or eloquent ; China, where Mandarin is the official language. But the word mandarin has a more roundabout origin. Its origins are Portuguese. पुर्तगाली mandarim, डच mandorijn, मलय mantri
cāritra	चारित्र	good conduct, good character, reputation
nāma	नाम
nāsā	नासा	the nose
tithi	तिथि	a lunar day (30th part of a whole lunation) ; Datum, Date
brahma	ब्रह्म	the one self-existent Supreme, the Absolute ; Abraham[a] (originally Abram)[b] is the common patriarch of the Abrahamic religions, including Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.[5] In Judaism he is the founding father of the special relationship between the Jews and God; in Christianity, he is the spiritual progenitor of all believers, Jewish or gentile (non-Jewish);[c][6] and in Islam he is a link in the chain of prophets that begins with Adam and culminates in Muhammad.[4
dharma	धर्म	that which is established or firm, steadfast decree, statute, ordinance, law, virtue, morality, right, justice ;
dāna	दान	donation, gift ( Latin donum )
upari	उपरि	over, above, upon, on, at the head of German: Über
ārya	आर्य (behaving like an Aryan, worthy of one, honourable, respectable, noble ; der Arier)	Ariovistu, aristocrat	Skt ārya, noble, a noble, an Aryan: akin to the syn Av airya and OPer ariya (whence Per Irān, Iran), and also to PN element ario- in C and Gmc—e.g., in Ariovistus
āsana	आसन	Ger. asana
vrīhi	व्रीहि	rice plural grains of rice ; Ger. bahuvrīhi, literally “much rice
lākṣā	लाक्षा	Italian lacca, Arabic lakk, Persian lāk, फ्रांसीसी Laque पुर्तगाली Laca
astra	अस्त्र	Zaster Borrowed from Romani sáster (“iron”), from Sanskrit अस्त्र (astra, “missile weapon”)
śarkarā	शर्करा	ground or candied sugar; Zucker From Middle High German zucker, from Old High German zuckar, from early Italian zucchero (via Medieval Latin zuccarum), from Arabic سُكَّر‎ (sukkar), from Persian شکر‎ (šakar), from Sanskrit शर्करा (śárkarā, “grit, gravel; ground or candied sugar”). Cognates include Czech cukr and Dutch suiker
mātrā	मात्रा	materials, property, goods, household, furniture, money, wealth ; Mudra ,  Portuguese: moeda, currency Albanian: monedhë Basque: moneta Catalan: moneda Czech: měna   Esperanto: monero Italian: moneta  Icelandic: mynt  Spanish: moneda
sṛgāla	सृगाल	a jackal ; तुर्की  çakal, फारसी shaghal, मध्य हिन्द आर्यन shagal, संस्कृत srgalah
markaṭa	मर्कट	a monkey, ape; डच meerkat "बन्दर" "lake cat", मर्कट markata
nārikela	नारिकेल	coconut ; फ्रांसीसी Narguilé फारसी nārghīleh
Vamana	वामन	Dwarf; taking back the three worlds (collectively referred to as the Triloka) from the Asura-King Bali in three steps to give back to Indra; Saksayhuaman, saksaywaman, Sakshi Waman
sva	स्व	own, one's own ; Ru Svoi
aham	अहम्	ahaṃkaraṇa अहंकरण, conceit or conception of individuality ; I
tva	त्व	You
dhūma	धूम	smoke, vapour, mist
kukkuṭa	कुक्कुट	a cock
dvār	द्वार्	gate, door, entrance
skand	स्कन्द्
tan	तन्	stretching / vistāra
tumba	तुम्ब	the gourd Lagenaria vulgaris , a large cucumber
tarṣa	तर्ष	tṛṣ-, thirst, wish, desire for
tṛṇa	तृण	grass, blade of grass, straw
aditi	अदिति	boundlessness, inexhaustible, creative power, "Infinity"or the"Eternal and Infinite Expanse" , daughter of dakṣa- and wife of kaśyapa-, mother of the āditya-s
dā	दा	cutting / lavana ; dāti-; dy/ati-   to cut, divide ; aditi
vamra	वम्र	an ant
pattra	पत्त्र	the wing of a bird, pinion, feather
paścāt	पश्चात्	paśca- ( from behind, behind, in the rear, backwards )
sarpa	सर्प
rāj	राज्	a king, sovereign, chief
svana	स्वन	sound, noise
phulla	फुल्ल	a full-blown flower
gam	गम्	going / gati
kāla	काल	time (as leading to events, the causes of which are imperceptible to the mind of man), destiny, fate
mācikā	माचिका	a fly
naranga	नारङ्ग
pippali	पिप्पलि
candanam	चन्दनम्
śunya	शुन्य	empty, void
mūṣa	मूष	a rat, mouse
nīlaka	नीलक	blue
upala	उपल	a precious stone, jewel
gras	ग्रस्	to seize with the mouth, take into the mouth, swallow, eat, consume German gras ; voracious, herbivorous
hṛt	हृत्
ūrdhva	ऊर्ध्व	upright, high, above
dhūsara	धूसर	Of a dusty, greyish or dusky-white colour, grey
ad	अद्	to eat, consume
ulkā	उल्का	a fiery phenomenon in the sky, a meteor, fire falling from heaven
grabha	ग्रभ	taking possession of
icchati	इच्छति	desires
dakṣiṇa	दक्षिण	denoting relative position ["right"or,"southern"]
svasṛ	स्वसृ	a sister ; Greek ; Latin soror; Lithuanian sesu4; Gothic swistar; German Schwester; English sister
dhṛ	धृ	to hold, bear (also bring forth), carry, maintain, preserve, keep, possess, have
spanda	स्पन्द	throbbing, throb, quiver, pulse, tremor, vibration, motion, activity
sarṣapa	सर्षप	mustard, mustard-seed
rajju	रज्जु	a rope, cord, string, line
bhas	भस्	to shine
pac	पच्	to cook, bake, roast, boil
pad	पद्	a foot
bahu	बहु	much, many, frequent, abundant, numerous, great or considerable in quantity
asthi	अस्थि	a bone
viṣu	विषु	similarly, equally
aśva	अश्व	a horse, stallion
para	पर	far, distant, remote (in space), beyond, on the other or farther side of, extreme
pīḍ	पीड्	to press, squeeze
sapta	सप्त	seven ; Yasna Haptanghaiti, the "seven-chapter Yasna" in Gathic Avestan
aṣṭā	अष्ट	eight
sama	सम	same, equal, similar, like, equivalent, like to or identical or homogeneous with ; hemishpere
hanu	हनु	a jaw
jarat	जरत्	old, ancient, infirm, decayed
prati	प्रति	before nouns it expresses also likeness or comparison ' pratisatam ; práti, towards , pros-
śata	शत	a hundred ;
sahasra	सहस्र	a thousand ; Persian hazar, a thousand
daśa	दश	ten ; Decimal
akṣa	अक्ष	an axle, axis
vāta	वात	wind, air ; “Baad” (باد ) is Persian
phena	फेन	foam, froth, scum
yuj	युज्	to yoke or join or fasten
jihva	जिह्व	the tongue
laṣ	लष्	to wish, desire, long for
lubh	लुभ्	to desire greatly or eagerly, long for, be interested in
dīrgha	दीर्घ	long
majjan	मज्जन्	the marrow of bones
maha	मह (great, mighty, strong, abundant )		Skt mahā, great, akin to L magnus;   (?) only in cinematics, magna-; (?) only in Min, magno-: L magn(i)-, c/f of magnus, great: cf MAGNITUDE. Exx: magnanimous, L magnanimus, lit ‘of a great animus or mind’; magnification, magnificent; magniloquence (L magniloquentia), grandiloquence;—magnascope;—magnochromite.
mṛdu	मृदु	soft, delicate, tender, pliant, mild, gentle
mātra	मात्र	measure, quantity, sum, size, duration, measure of any kind (whether of height, depth, breadth, length, distance, time or number
tri	त्रि
jānu	जानु	the knee
maryādā	मर्यादा	a frontier, limit, boundary, border, bank, shore, end, extreme point
smi	स्मि	to smile, laugh
nabhas	नभस्	mist, clouds, vapour
sneha	स्नेह	oiliness, greasiness, lubricity, viscidity
nakta	नक्त	night
jñā	ज्ञा	to know, have knowledge, become acquainted with, erceive, apprehend, understand
nava	नव	new, fresh, recent, young
tvám	त्वम्	you
sá	स	He
sā	सा	She
vayám	वयम्	We
yūyám	यूयम्	you
té	ते	They
idám	इदम्	This
tát	तत्	That
tátra	तत्र	There
ná	न	No, not ; no नो, no, not
cátur	चतुर्	Four
páñcan	पञ्चन्	Five
tarú	तरु	Tree
sukula	सुकुल	a noble family ; gurukula गुरुकुल, the house of a Guru ; School	;
pā	पा	pībati; to drink, quaff, suck, sip, swallow
catvara	चत्वर	quadrant
siv	सिव्	to sew, sew on, darn, stitch, stitch together
āsita	आसित	sitting, sitting down
ṣaṣ	षष्	number six
sunu	सुनु	sū-nú,  son ; Av. hunu, OG. sunu, Lith. sūnù
stha	स्थ	standing, staying, abiding, being situated in, existing or being in or on or among
śravas	श्रवस्	a stream, flow
avatara	अवतर	descent, entrance
stanatha	स्तनथ	thunder ;
stan	स्तन्	to resound, reverberate, roar, thunder
vāsanta	वासन्त	relating to or produced in the spring season, vernal
vid	विद्	to know, understand, perceive, learn, become or be acquainted with, be conscious of, have a correct notion of
jīv	जीव्	to live, be or remain alive
varam	वरम्	preferably, rather, better
udán	उद	Gr hudōr, OSl voda, wato, weter, water
vakṣ	वक्ष्
Vakra	वक्र	having an apparently backward motion, retrograde (said of planets)
vatsa	वत्स	a calf, the young of any animal, offspring, child
cakra	चक्र	the wheel
vāta	वात	wind, air
vitarám	वितरम्
varpas	वर्पस्	assumed form, image; device, design
pari	परि	round, around, about, round about ; peri
dāru	दारु	a piece of wood, wood, timber ; durable
liha	लिह	lickingor"being licked"
madhya	मध्य	middle
math	मथ्	churning / viloḍana( to stir or whirl round)
mī	मी	mīnāti- , smaller, lesser
mūra	मूर
nau	नौ	a ship, boat, vessel
nāma	नाम
nagna	नग्न
bhagavan	भगवन्
siṃha	सिंह	Sinhalese, सिंहल simhal
jaṭā	जटा	जटा
sthaga	स्थग	cunning, sly, fraudulent, dishonest ; Thug
Śulvāri	शुल्वारि
cap	चप्	to caress, soothe, console ; capayati — "kneads"
śālā	शाला	a house, mansion, building, hall, large room
pra	प्र	before ; Pre-, prefix ; prāk प्राक्  before (in place or in order or time )
na	न	not, no, nor, neither
mṛ	मृ	to die, decease
mama	मम	me / my
antar	अन्तर्	within, between, amongst, in the middle or interior
hara	हर	taking away, carrying off, removing, destroying ; harass
gmā	ग्मा	the earth ; Geometry
eka	एक	the one ; equal,  L. aequus, equal
damana	दमन	taming, subduing, overpowering ; a, "not" + daman, "to subdue", "to conquer
cand	चन्द्	shining / dīpti
bhṛ	भृ,	to bear, carry, convey, hold ; birth
ard	अर्द्	injuring / hiṃsā ; ardent, arson
jaṅgala	जङ्गल	arid, sterile, desert
citra	चित्र	variegated, spotted, speckled ; Cheetah, chitrak a leopard, a mark
taḍaga	तडग	a pond ; tank
sanipriya	शनिप्रिय
pancha	पञ्च	five ; Punch
muṣka	मुष्क	little mouse, a testicle, the scrotum ; Musk deer
jagannātha	जगन्नाथ	Vigraha of viṣṇu and its shrine at Prui in Orissa
yava	यव	a barley-corn , grain ; Bot & Pharm : zea (a kind of grain)
śṛṅga	शृङ्ग	the horn of an animal
kuṅkuma	कुङ्कुम	saffron (Crocus )
krimi	क्रिमि	A worm ; Crimson
kharpara	खर्पर	the skull ; Portuguese copra
khatva.	खट्वा
khaṇḍa	खण्ड	a piece, part, fragment, portion ; Candy
yāna	यान	the vehicle ; wagon, van
vastra	वस्त्र	cloth, clothes, garment, raiment, dress, cover
vama	वम	vomiting, ejecting, giving out
vaha	वह	carrying, bearing, conveying, bringing, causing, producing, effecting
kṣurapra	क्षुरप्र	sharp-edged like a razor ; sharp
mācikā	माचिका	a fly
kāla	काल	time (as leading to events, the causes of which are imperceptible to the mind of man), destiny, fate
mūla	मूल	basis, foundation, cause, origin, commencement, beginning ; etymology
bhrājas	भ्राजस्	sparkling, flashing, glittering, lustre, brilliance
huta	हुत	one to whom an oblation is offered ; offered in fire, poured out (as clarified butter), burnt (as an oblation)
vaca	वच	the act of speaking, speech
dyauḥ	द्यौः (Sky ; diva, divine, divination, divinity)		dei- ; deo-; ‘of a god’; ‘to God’: L deus, a god, and Deus, God, cf DEISM. Exx: deicide, deific, deiparous; deodand, something to be given to God, hence forfeit to the Crown
icchati	इच्छति	desires
rāj	राज्	a king, sovereign, chief
paścāt	पश्चात्	paśca- , from behind, behind, in the rear, backwards
pattra	पत्त्र	the wing of a bird, pinion, feather
pika	पिक	the Indian cuckoo, Cuculus Indicus ; Peck
bhaj	भज्	to divide, distribute, allot or apportion to ; Phaga, ,  -phage, -phagous, -phagus, 5 -phagy; 6 phago- ‘eaters of (a specified sort) of food'
pac	पच् (to cook, bake, roast, boil)	Bake, baker, bakery	Bakery derives, with suffix -ery, from ‘to bake’; baker, however, derives from OE baecere, itself from OE bacan, to roast or bake, akin to ON baka, OHG bahhan (MHG and G backen), Gmc r bak-, var bōk
pālavī	पालवी (a kind of vessel)	Pelvi
nīḍa	नीड	any place for settling down, resting-place, abode, a bird's nest
tul	तुल्	to make equal in weight, equal, compare
dā	दा	giving, bestowing / dāna
dā	दा	cutting / lavana ; Aditi ; time
tṛṇa	तृण	blade of grass, straw
aśri	अश्रि	the sharp side of anything, corner, angle (of a room or house), edge (of a sword) ; acute
anta	अन्त	end, limit, boundary ; anti (opposite)
apara	अपर	posterior, later, latter
udara	उदर	the belly, abdomen, stomach, bowels
ambhas	अम्भस्	water ; ombrometer
uttara	उत्तर	upper, higher, superior, produced later ; hystero
dviṣ	द्विष्	hating / aprīti ; dire
dāruṇa	दारुण	rough, sharp, severe, cruel ; durable
dhvaras	ध्वरस्	destructive, mischievous, demon ; dwarf
aham	अहम्
asti	अस्ति	existent, present ; esse
iddha	इद्ध	clean, clear, bright ; ether
phal	फल्	to burst, cleave open, split ; fall ; phalati फलति
sāmi	सामि	incompletely, imperfectly, partially, half ; hemi
anila	अनिल	air or wind, breath ; anemometer
māṃs	मांस्	flesh, meat ; member
nūnam	नूनम्	now, at present
stambh	स्तम्भ्	to fix firmly, support, sustain ; staff
śveta	श्वेत	white
vidhavā	विधवा	Bewa(بيوه ): In Persian, it means a lady who has lost her husband
vīthi	वीथि	a row, line ; wire
vī	वी	a bird
edha	एध	fuel ; samidh समिध् firewood, fuel, a log of wood, faggot, grass etc. employed as fuel ; estuary
pra	प्र	like, resembling ; for
guru	गुरु	heavy, weighty
yauvana	यौवन	youth, youthfulness, adolescence, puberty, manhood
mala	मल	dirt, filth, dust, impurity (physical and moral)
mi	मि	throwing, casting, shattering / prakṣepaṇa 1. The base is L mittere, to let go, cause to go, send, with r mit-
pāśa	पाश	trap, noose, tie, bond, cord, chain, fetter
patha	पथ	a way, path, road, course
pāra	पार	crossing ; pārayati पारयति to transport over ; port
sana	सन	old, ancient ; sanaka सनक former, old, ancient ; senile
kṣīb	क्षीब्	(or kṣīv-) spit
sphuṭa	स्फुट	spread, diffused, extensive, wide, broad ; spoon
piñj	पिञ्ज्	to tinge, dye, paint ; piṅkte
kuṣṭha	कुष्ठ	cavity of the loin ; cyst
parā	परा	a foreign country, abroad ; pravāsa प्रवास dwelling abroad
vyadh	व्यध्
pūy	पूय्	stinking ; foul, pus
bhuj	भुज्	bhuṅkte,  to enjoy, use, possess ; function, functional
jan	जन्	to generate, beget, produce, create, cause
hima	हिम	frost, hoar-frost, snow ; hibernation
kūpa	कूप	a hole, hollow, cave ; cube
bhūman	भूमन्	the earth, world ; human
iti	इति	in this manner, thus ; item, itemize
lup	लुप्	to break, violate, hurt, injure, spoil ; Skt lumpati, he breaks ; leaf
laghu	लघु	light, easy, not heavy or difficult
lū	लू	cutting, dividing  ; lose, loose, loss, lost
man	मन्	to think, believe, imagine, suppose, conjecture ; mind
dhyā	ध्या	thinking, meditation
smṛ	स्मृ	to remember, recollect ; memory
majj	मज्ज्	to sink (in water), dive, plunge or throw one's self into , bathe, be submerged or drowned ; merge
megha	मेघ	a cloud ; mist
mīv	मीव्	to move ; mīvati
mith	मिथ्	alternate ;  Skt methati, he alternates, mithás, alternately ; mutate
mūka	मूक	dumb, speechless, mute, silent
ayas	अयस्	iron, metal
pasas	पसस्	the membrum virile ( Latin term for penis) ; penis, pencil
tud	तुद्	tormenting / vyathana ; L tundere, ‘To pierce’ derives, via ME percen, from OF percer, var of percier; VL *pertusiāre, from L pertūsus, pp of pertundere, to pound or beat ; pierce , pertuse
pūrta	पूर्त	filled, full, complete, completed, perfected ;  Gr pimplēmi, I fill,plētho,I am full, and, with r for l ; plenty
caya	चय	a heap, pile, collection; Gr poiein, to make or construct: r poi-:  Skt cáyati, he constructs or arranges, var cinoti , cf OB činiti, to arrange, and Skt cītís, arrangement, collection ; poem, poet
apa	अप	(as a prefix to nouns and verbs, expresses) away, off, back ; Gr apo, away ; position
prach	प्रछ्	asking, questioning, interrogating / jñīpsā
puṃs	पुंस्	a man, a male being ; puberty
rabhas	रभस्	violence, impetuosity, zeal, ardour, force, energy ; rage, rabies
virala	विरल	rare, scarcely found, unfrequent, scanty, few ; rare
ru	रु	to roar, bellow, howl, yelp, cry aloud ; rauti रौति, cries ; rumor, raucous, row
kravis	क्रविस्	raw flesh ; raw
vrīḍ	व्रीड्	being ashamed, feeling shame / lajjā ; ridicule
ṛta	ऋत	fixed or settled order, law, rule (especially in religion) ; rite, ritual ; ṛtu ऋतु, season
ratha	रथ	a chariot, car ; roll, roller
rekha	रेख	line ; row
ucchal	उच्छल्	to fly upwards or away, jerk up, spring upwards ; exult
chāyā	छाया	shade, shadow ; scene, scenery, shine
sac	सच्	to go after, follow, accompany, adhere or be attached to ; sequence, pursue
kṣāra	क्षार	caustic, biting, corrosive, acrid, pungent, saline ; xer(o), xerophagia
sṛ	सृ	to run, flow, glide, move ; sarat सरत् going, flowing, proceeding ; serum, serous
si	सि	to bind, tie, fetter ; siren
lamba	लम्ब	hanging down ; sleep
śūkara	शूकर	making the sound śū- , a boar, hog ; sow
sū	सू	child-bearing, parturition (the action of giving birth to young) ; sow, seed, semen
sphuliṅga	स्फुलिङ्ग	a spark of fire ; splendid
sphur	स्फुर्	he kicks, pushes with the foot, tramples on ; spur (something that encourages you to do something or that makes something happen more quickly)
tigma	तिग्म	sharp, pointed ; stick, distinction
sthūṇa	स्थूण	a post, pillar ; stoic
tras	त्रस्	to tremble, quiver, be afraid of ; trasyati, be greatly terrified or frightened ; tremble, turmoil
trap	त्रप्	to become perplexed, be ashamed ; entropy (a complete lack of order),
arśa	अर्श	hemorrhoids, piles ; ulcer
gam	गम्	to go, move, go away, set out, come ; gamati ; jagamā ; OE cuman, Go qiman, to come ; venue
vṛj	वृज्	to bend, turn ; converge
vṛt	वृत्	to turn, turn round, revolve, roll , to move or go on ; vartate ; -ward, - wards as in backward, forward, toward
vas	वस्	to put on, invest, wear, (clothes etc.); vaste : to put on (clothes), to dress ; vest, invest
veśa	वेश	a house, dwelling ; vicinal, vicinity, villa, village
vīrya	वीर्य	virility , virile
vāja	वाज	vigorous, strong ; vigor, vigour, vigil, vigilance
viṣa	विष	anything active, poison, venom, bane, anything actively pernicious ; virulence
vayas	वयस्	energy (both bodily and mental), strength, health, vigour, power, might ; ML vīs, L uīs, strength, esp as exercised against someone, hence violence
vas	वस्	to dwell, live, stop (at a place), stay ; was
vatsara	वत्सर	a year ; veteran, veterinary
yas	यस्	to froth up, foam, to heat or exert one's self, yasati ; yeast, eczema
hyas	ह्यस्	yesterday
yūyám	यूयं	you
kam	कम्	to love, be in love with, have sexual intercourse with ; cum (with, alongwith), co- , com- , con-
dram	द्रम्	to run about, roam, wander ; aerodrome
sadas	सदस्	a seat, residence, abode, dwelling, place of meeting, assembly ; hedos (s hed-), for primitive *sedos ; hedral, hedron
adya	अद्य	hodiē (adv), today: (in) hoc diē, on this day: cf Skt adya.
kapha	कफ	phlegm ; Coughen
marakata	मरकत	an emerald ; Smaragdus (L)
luṇṭh	लुण्ठ्	to rob, plunder ; loot
veda	वेद	knowledge, true or sacred knowledge or lore, knowledge of ritual
kāla	काल	black, of a dark colour, dark-blue ; black
rakta	रक्त	reddened, red, crimson ; red
yuvan	युवन्	a youth, young man, young animal
jyā	ज्या	a bow-string ; sine, sinus
paś	पश्	to see , behold, look at, observe, perceive, notice ; see, spectacle
loka	लोक	free or open space, room, place, scope, free motion ; the wide space or world ; location, local
bhalla	भल्ल	a bear ; bhalluka भल्लुक, a bear
danta	दन्त	dental, dentist, denture, indent, indentation, odontic, odontoid, tooth, teeth, toothy, toothache, toothpick, tusk,	MD tant, Gr odōn (o/s odont- , Lith and OP dantès, OIr dét (denasalized), Skt dán, acc dántam, gen datás, OE pl tēth, cf the ON pl tethr ; Go tunthus, is OE tusc, ME tusch, E tush, a long tooth, a tusk; OE tusc has the var tux, OFris tusch or tusk.
nakṣatra	नक्षत्र	an asterism or constellation through which the moon passes, a lunar mansion ; naksha, map,  constellation Nazca Lines	Uzbek : xarita, Azerbaijani: xəritə, Afrikaans: kaart, German: Karte
mudraṇa	मुद्रण	the act of sealing up or printing ; money, mint ; Mudra, Portuguese: moeda, currency Albanian: monedhë, Basque: moneta , Catalan: moneda, Czech: měna, Esperanto: monero, Italian: moneta, Icelandic: mynt, Spanish: moneda
prācī	प्राची	the east ; China
ve	वे	to weave, interweave; German: weben ; Dutch: weven ;
ud	उद्	over, above. (As implying separation and disjunction) out, out of, from, off, away from, apart	Afrikaans: uit, Danish: ud, Dutch: uit, Frisian: út, Swedish: ut,
caturaṅga	चतुरङ्ग	chess	German: Schach, Sundanese : catur, Javanese: catur
skandha	स्कन्ध	shoulder	Danish: skulder, Dutch: schouder, Frisian: skouder, German: Schulter, Swedish: skuldra
sindhu	सिन्धु	a river, stream ;	India ;  India ink, Indiaman, India rubber ; Indian, adj (from India), hence n; Indian corn—I. file—I. hemp—I. red—I. summer; Indiana, orig Indiana Territory (ref Red Indians); Indie; indic, indican, indigo, indium, indole, indolin(c), indulin.—Indus.—Hindi; Hindu (obsol Hindoo), Hinduism, Hindustan, Hindustani; --Scinde, Sind or Sindh; Sindhi; sendal, sindon.—tamarind. 1. India is L from Gr India, a Geog -ia (‘region’) derivative of Indos, whence L, hence E, Indus, the river; Gr Indos itself derives from OPer and Av Hindu, India, akin to Skt sindhu, a river, hence Sindhu, the river Indus, hence the region traversed by that river. 2. Skt Sindhu becomes both E Sindh, often written Sind, archaic Scinde, and Ar Sind, with adj Sindi, used as n, and usu represented by E as Sindhi. 3. Skt Sindhu, the region of the Indus, has Gr derivative sindōn, linen—later, cotton— of Sind, whence L sindon, a fine fabric, adopted by E, although now only hist; L sindon becomes, with different suffix (-al), the MF-EF cendal, whence E cendal or sendal. 4. OPer and Av Hindu, India, becomes Per Hind, with derivative Hindū, a native of India, the E usage preferring the sense ‘a follower of Hinduism’. Per Hindu has derivative Hindūstān, the country of the Hindu: whence the Hindustani word Hindūstānī, an Indian, Hindi. Hindi represents Hind hindī (adj used as n), from Hind Hind, India, adopted from Per. 5. Hind, India, is also the Ar form, with adj hindi, which occurs in tamār hindī, the Indian date (tamar or tamr, prop a dried date): whence—cf the late MF-F tamarin (earlier tamarinde)—the Port, Sp, It tamarindo, whence E tamarind, the tree Tamarindus indica. 6. That indica is the f of L Indicus, belonging to India, from Gr Indikos, the adj of Gr India: whence E Indie. 7. But indic is the E adj of Chem E indium, itself a SciL formation: L indicum (neu of Indicus)+ Chem -ium. 8. Gr Indikos, Indian, has neu Indikon, which, used as n indikon, means either the indigo plant or its product: indikon becomes L indicum. whence Sp indico, with var indigo: whence E and F indigo. L indicum, indigo; indol(e) has subsidiary indolin or indoline ;   indulin or induline, which suggests a loose blend—influenced by indolin(e)—of indigo +anilin or aniline. 9. India (para 1) has many cpds, the etym most notable being perh: India ink, or Indian ink ; Indiaman, orig an East India Company sailing vessel—for the -man, cf ‘man-of-war’; India rubber, caoutchouc or rubber, the rubber tree being traditionally associated with India, but mostly growing further E.
śvan	श्वन्	a dog	canine , canaille; kennel.—cynic (adj hence n), whence cynical and cynicism; cynosure; cf the element cyno-; hound (n hence v), dachshund. 1. Here we have the Gmc (hound, hund), the L (canis), the Gr (kuōn) shapes of an IE word represented in Skt by śván (gen sunas) and in Ve by suvdn-; the IE s was prob kuon- or kwon-, or kuan- or kwan-, with shorter form kun-, the r being perh *ku-: cf OIr cū, gen con, and Tokh A ku, both meaning ‘dog’. 2. First the Gmc: dachshund=Dachs, a badger+ Hund, a dog. G Hund, OHG hunt, is intimately akin to E hound, OE hund, itself akin to OFris (and OS) hund, Go hunds, ON hundr. 3. Then the L: canis, prob for *quanis (IE kuan-+-is), has adj canīnus, whence E canine (cf the adj suffix -ine). From L canis derives It cane, whence canaglia, a pack of dogs, whence the late MF-F canaille, the rabble, partly adopted by E. Canis has also a derivative *canile, a kennel, whence ONF *kenil and MF-F chenil, whence ME kenel, whence E kennel. 4. The Gr kuōn, gen kunos (o/s kun-), has adj kunikos, whence L cynicus, applied to the Cynics, a philosophical school (lit ‘the snarlers’), whence MF-F (modern sense: C17) cynique, whence E cynic, used also as n, with consequent extension of the adj to cynical; cynicism is an E formation (cynic, adj+the suffix -ism); cynosure, app borrowed from EFF, derives from L Cynosura (a constellation), from Gr kunosoura, lit ‘dog’s tail’—cf the element -ure.
tanman	तन्मन् (fissure, hole)	-tome, -tomy and -ectomy (as in appendectomy); tmema and tmesis; anatomical, anatomist, anatomize (whence anatomization), anatomy; atom (whence atomism, atomize), atomic (whence atomicity), atomy; diatom, diatomous; entomic, entomology (whence entomologic	1. Tome comes, via EF-F tome and LL tomus, from Gr tomos, a piece cut out or off, hence part of a book, a volume, with c/f -tomon: corresp to Gr temnein, to cut, akin to L temnere, to despise) superseded by the int cpd contemnere (E contemn, and to MIr tamnaim, I hew off, and Lith timì, tìnti, to sharpen by hammering: IE r, *ten-, to cut, (Hofmann.) 2. The c/ff -tome (dissyllabic) or -tomy, a cut-ting, a section, and -ectomy (cf Gr ektomē, an excision), occur esp in surgical terms, e.g. pharyngotomy, arteriotomy, gastrectomy, Cf -tome, etc., in Elements. Origins 3498 3. Akin to Gr temnein, to cut, are Gr tmēma (app for *temnēma: suffix -ēma), a section, adopted by Bot, and tmēsis (app for *temnēsis: suffix -ēsis), in Gram a cutting by interpolation, as in ‘what place soever’ (Webster), adopted—via LL—by Gram. 4. Gr exhibits several prefix-cpds that have impinged upon E, as, e.g., anatemnein, to cut ana- or up, whence anatomē, later anatomia, adopted by LL, whence MF-F anatomie, whence anatomy. The derivative Gr adj anatomikos becomes LL anatomicus, EF-F anatomique, E anatomic, now usu in extn anatomical. Derivative EF-F anatomiste and anatomiser and F anatomisme account for E anatomist, anatomize, anatomism. 5. Gr atomos (a-, not), uncut, hence undivided. hence indivisible, hence also n, becomes L atomus, MF-F atome, E atom. The derivative EF-F atomique and F atomisme and atomiste yield E atomic (whence atomical), atomism, atomist; atomize imitates anatomize; and atomy results from the f/e false division an atomy. 6. Gr diatemnein, to cut dia- or through, has adj diatomos whence both the Bot n diatom and the Min adj diatomous. 7. Gr entomos, cut en- or in, hence nearly cut in two, has neu entomon used also as n, an insect (sem cf L insectum, E insect): whence the E entomic, of, for, like an insect or insects, and the F entomologie (entomo-, c/f of entomon+-logie, E -logy: cf the element - loger), whence E entomology. 8. Gr epitemnein, to cut epi- or upon, hence into, hence to cut short, has derivative epitomē, lit a superficial incision and fig an abridgement: whence LL epitomē, a summary exposition, EF-F epitome (now épitomé), adopted by E. 9. Prob akin to Gr temnein, to cut, is Gr tendein, to gnaw (cut with one’s teeth): certainly akin to Gr tendein is L tondēre, LL tondere, to shear, hence to shave, pp tōnsus, whence both tōnsūra, a shearing, a shaving, whence MF-F tonsure, adopted by E, and tōnsor, a shearer, hence a barber, with adj tōnsōrius, whence E tonsorial.     ; -toma , 2 -tome, 3 -tomic, 4 -tomous, 5 -tomy; 6 tomo-: all from Gr tomē (s tom-), a cutting, a section, akin to temnein (s temn-, r tem-), to cut: cf ANATOMY. Resp: ‘insects with a specified type of segmentation’, from Gr entoma, insects; 2, Gr -tomon, from tomos, (the agent, or the result, of) cutting, with adjj -tomic (Gr -tomikos) and -tomous (Gr -tomos, cutting, cut, divided), the former answering also to 5, -tomy, from Gr -tomia, from tomē; 6, from Gr tomos, a cut. Exx: Neotoma (cf neo-); gonotome (cf gono-) and microtome, an instrument with which to cut sections for microscopic examination; gastrotomic (cf gastro-); isotomous (cf iso-); arteriotomy, an incision in, an operation on, an artery, from Gr artēriotomia; Tomopteris (cf -pteris at -ptera). Note -tomize, the v answering to -tomy, as in laparotomize, to make an incision in the abdominal wall, n laparotomy (cf laparo-). Note also the cpd -ectome (‘an instrument in ectomy’), from -ectomy, a cutting-out, a surgical removal, from Gr -ektomia, c/f of ektomē (prefix ek-+tomē); v, ectomize
Takshakaḥ	तक्षकः (one of the principal Nāgas or serpents of the Pātāla)		Takshakaḥ तक्षकः [तक्ष् ण्वुल्] 1 A carpenter, wood-cutter -2 The chief actor in the prelude of a drama (i. e. the सूत्रधार). -3 N. of the architect of the gods. -4 N. of one of the principal Nāgas or serpents of the Pātāla, son of Kaśyapa and Kadru (saved at the intercession of the sage Āstika from being burnt down in the serpent-sacrifice performed by king Janamejaya, in which many others of his race were burnt down to ashes). ; toxi- ; tox(o)-; toxic(o)-: all, ult, from Gr toxon (s tox-), a bow (weapon), an arrow, perh a loanword from Scythian (Hofmann), with a cognate in late Skt. Whereas tox(o)-, when not short for toxic(o)-, is the Gr tox(o)-, c/f of toxon, toxistands for E toxic or E toxin, and toxic(o)- comes from Gr toxikon, arrow poison (sc pharmakon), orig the neus of the adj toxikos, of or for a bow or an arrow: cf TOXIC. The end-c/f -toxin stands for toxin, a poison. Exx: toxiferous, poison-bearing (cf -ferous at -fer); toxiphobia, a dread (cf -phobe) of being poisoned;—toxophily, the study of, a love for, archery, with adj toxophilous and agent toxophilite, cf -phil; toxophil (toxo-=toxico-), having an affinity for poisons;— toxicology, the science of poisons, with agent toxicologist; toxicophagy (cf -phagy at - phaga), the practice of eating poisons
tapa	तप	heat, warmth ; "causing pain or trouble, distressing"; Tapp(تپ ) in Persian means warm, warmth, worship and austerity.
vadhu	वधु	a young wife or woman ; Beeyo, Beeyuk(بيو ، بيوک ) in Persian means a lady who has just gotten married.
abhra	अभ्र	cloud, thunder-cloud, rainy weather ; abr अब्रابر cloud (‘Bha’ word: In Arabic and Persian, this word is not pronounced by Arabs and Iranians).
kṣetra	क्षेत्र	a field ; khet in Persian
vāṅmaya	वाङ्मय	eloquence, rhetoric, manner of speech ; Baang(بانگ ) in Persian means ‘to call’
kṣap	क्षप्	night ; “Shab” (night) in Persian ("Ba" from"Pa" ).
śakti	शक्ति	power, ability, strength, might, effort, energy, capability ; “Sakht” (سخت ) is Persian
duṣkara	दुष्कर	hard to be done or borne, difficult, arduous ; دژوار (dožvâr) “Dushkhwaar” (دشخوار ) or “Dushwaar”in Persian
jāta	जात	birth, origin ; Zaad in Persian
śubha	शुभ	pleasant, agreeable, suitable, fit, capable, useful, good (applied to persons and things) ; “Khoob” in Persian which means good ("Sha" to “Kh”)
śoṇa	शोण	n. blood ; “Khoon” in Persian (("Sha" to “Kh”) ; “Khoshk” in Persian from Sanskrit “Shushk” (शुष्क)