An etymological evidence of the Sanatana World
Here, we are exploring comprehensively the Sanskrit words that are building blocks for majority of the languages round the world. The layout and format of the following table is as under: First a Sanskrit root is given and thereafter are the different words derived from that root. The reader will find it interesting to explore how words in many European, Asian and Middle East languages are derived from the ancient Sanskrit language. This languauge which came into existence when it was taught by the Devas to the sages. Therefore, it is also called the language of the Devas. The entire Sanatana Civilizations across the world found expression through the Sanskrit language. We can see this language had an imprint on all classical civilizations. The Sanskrit words find their place in all modern languages till today.
In my opinion, not much has been done on this subject before. People vaguely know that "Sanskrit is the mother of all languages". This is a popular notion, here in India as it is taught in schools. But how and to which extent, Sanskrit is the originator of modern world languages, one hardly bothers about.
But if you believe the etymologists, the modern languages are derived from the Sanskrit, an old language that was spoken in many parts of the world. An etymologist is one who investigates the origin of a word and goes to the root of that word from where it first originated. Here, the work of distinguished etymologist Eric Patridge "Origins : A Short etymological dictionary of modern English" is worth mentioning. An etymological dictionary tells us the origin of a particular word. It is less concerned with the meaning of the word but is more concerned about the origin of that word, from where it originated? The following list of Sanskrit words has been compiled with the help of many etymological dictionaries. The Sanskrit words which are the building blocks for numerous different words in almost all languages of this world are listed in the beginning of each para.
So readers, just go through the list and see yourself that the origin of thousands of words of different languages being traced to the Sanskrit language can not be a mere coincidence. Such a striking resemblance suggests that at one time in the past, the Sanskrit language was spoken all over the world by the native classical civilizations. These civilizations were fundamentally Sanatani (the worshiper of the Supreme divine in its numerous manifested forms that presides over this created universe) in nature. These Sanatani people had knowledge of the diverse manifestations of one Supreme divine. They knew the procedures, the science of invoking the Supreme divine in its innumerable forms. They worshiped the forms, the Saguna Paramatama or the Supreme divine manifested into various forms. This knowledge of invoking the formless into forms, they learnt from the Sanatana Scriptures.
ABBREVIATIONS
For the sake of brevity, the following abbreviations have been used throughout in this work ‘the etymological evidence for the Sanatana World’.
abl ablative
(denoting a case
of nouns and pronouns and words in grammatical agreement with them
indicating an agent, instrument, or source, expressed by ‘by’, ‘with’, or
‘from’) अपादान कारक (पंचमी विभक्ति)
acc accusative (or objective)
case
A.D. Anno Domini, in
the year of (our) Lord
adj adjective,
adjectival
adv adverb,
adverbial
AE American English
AF Anglo-French
Afr Afrikaans
(a Germanic language spoken in South Africa, Namibia, Botswana, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.
AIr Anglo-Irish
Akk Akkadian/Accadian
(also called Assyro-Babylonian, extinct Semitic
language spoken in Mesopotamia)
AL Anglo-Latin (=Medieval Latin as
used in Britain)
Alb Albanian
(spoken by the Albanians in
the Balkans and
by the Albanian
diaspora, which is generally concentrated in the Americas, Europe and Oceania)
Alg Algonquin
(Algonquin is an Algonquian language spoken in Quebec
and Ontario in Canada)
Amerind American
Indian, languages spoken by the original inhabitants of the Western
Hemisphere.
Ar Arabic
Aram Aramaic
(a Semitic language that
originated among the Arameans in the ancient region of Syria )
Arm Armenian (official language of
Armenia)
AS Anglo-Saxon
(Old English language, spoken and in England before 1100; it is the ancestor of
Middle English and Modern English. Scholars place Old English in the
Anglo-Frisian group of West Germanic languages.)
Ass Assyrian
(Assyrian / Neo-Assyrian is
an Aramaic language spoken in parts of
Iran, Iraq, Turkey and Syria)
Av Avestic
(or Zend) (Avestan language, also called Zend Language
is the language of the Avesta, the sacred book of
Zoroastrianism)
B British
Bab Babylonian,
Babylonish (Assyrian and Babylonian are
members of the Semitic language family, like Arabic and Hebrew. Because Babylonian and Assyrian are so similar – at least
in writing – they are often regarded as varieties of a single language, today
known as Akkadian.)
B.C. Before Christ
Br Breton
Bu Bantu
Byz Gr Byzantine Greek
C Celtic
c circa, about (in dates)
Cat Catalan
Ch Chinese
Class Classical (Greek,
Latin)
Cz Czechoslovak
D Dutch
Da Danish
E English
ED Early Modern Dutch
EE Early Modern English (1500–1700)
EF Early Modern French (1500–1700)
Eg Egyptian
EgAr Egyptian Arabic
e.g. exempli
gratia, for example
EI East Indian, East Indies
etc. et cetera
etym etymology,
etymological(ly)
euphem euphemism,
euphemistically)
Ex example; Exx: examples
extn extension
F French
f feminine
Fin Finnish
Fl Flemish
Fris Frisian (West Germanic language)
FU Finno-Ugric
G German
Ga Gaelic (language native to the Gaels of Scotland)
Gaul Gaulish
(an ancient
Celtic language spoken in parts of Continental Europe before and
during the period of the Roman Empire)
gen genitive
(possessive case)
Gmc Germanic
Go Gothic (East
Germanic language spoken by the Goths)
Gr Greek
H Hebrew (a Semitic language;
the language of the early Jews)
Ham Hamitic (a language group in northern Africa related to Semitic)
Hell Hellenistic
Her Heraldry,
heraldic
HG High German
Hi Hindi
Hit Hittite (spoken in north-central Anatolia, modern Turkey)
Hung or Hu Hungarian
ibid ibidem, in the same place
Ice Icelandic
id idem, the same; identical
i.e. id est, that
is
Ir Irish
It Italian
J or Jap Japanese
Jav Javanese
(a Malayo-Polynesian language spoken
by the Javanese people from the
central and eastern parts of the island of Java, in Indonesia)
L Latin
Lett Lettish
(Latvian)
LG Low German
LGr Late Greek
LH Late Hebrew
Lith Lithuanian
LL Late Latin (c A.D. 180–600)
Mal Malayan
(an Austronesian
language spoken in Indonesia, Brunei, Malaysia and Singapore, East Timor and
parts of Thailand)
MAr Medieval Arabic
MBr Medieval Breton
MD Medieval Dutch
ME Middle English
Medit Mediterranean
(languages spoken in the Mediterranean region)
MF Medieval French (CC13–15)
MGr Medieval Greek
MHG Middle High German
MIr Middle Irish
ML Medieval Latin
MLG Middle Low German
MSc Middle Scots
MW Middle Welsh
n noun
Nor Norwegian
OB Old Bulgarian (=Old Church Slavic)
OBr Old Breton
obs obsolete
obsol obsolescent
OC Old Celtic
OE Old English
OF Old French
OFris Old
Frisian (a West Germanic language spoken
between the 8th and 16th centuries in the area between the Rhine and Weser on
the European North Sea coast)
OGmc Old Germanic
OHG Old High German
OIr Old Irish
OIt Old Italian
(Middle Ages)
OL Old Latin
OLG Old Low German
ON Old
Norse (Old Norse (Dǫnsk tunga / Norrœnt mál) Old Norse was
a North Germanic language once
spoken in Scandinavia, the Faroe Islands, Iceland, Greenland, and in parts of
Russia, France and the British Isles and Ireland. It was the language of
the Vikings or Norsemen)
OP Old
Prussian (were an indigenous tribe among the Baltic peoples that inhabited
the region of
Prussia, at the south-eastern shore of the Baltic Sea. The Old Prussians worshipped pre-Christian deities)
OPer Old Persian
OProv Old Provencal (spoken in the south of France)
OS Old Saxon
o/s oblique stem
OSl Old
Slavic ((OSL) (SL) Slavic people
(Slavs) can be divided into three subgroups based upon their geographic and
linguistic distribution: West Slavs (Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia),
East Slavs (Russia, Belarus, Ukraine), and South Slavs (Croatia, Bosnia and
Herzegovina, Serbia, Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Slovenia).
OSp Old Spanish
OSw Old Swedish
OW Old Welsh
PC Primitive Celtic
Per Persian
PGmc Primitive
Germanic
PGr Primitive Greek
PL Primitive Latin
Pol Polish
Poly Polynesian
(The Polynesian languages are Samoan, Maori, spoken in New Zealand, Tahitian, widely used as a lingua franca in
French Polynesia; and Hawaiian)
Port Portuguese
R Romance (language or languages)
r root
Rom Romany
(spoken exclusively in Europe since the middle ages)
Ru Russian
Rum Rumanian
s stem
Sc Scots, Scottish
Scan Scandinavian
Sci Science,
scientific
SciL Scientific Latin
SE Standard English
Sem Semitic
(a language that belongs to
a subfamily of the Afro-Asiatic language family including Hebrew, Aramaic,
Arabic, and Ethiopic)
Skt Sanskrit
Sl Slavonic
Slov Slovene (spoken
in Slovenia )
Sp Spanish
Sw Swedish
syn synonym;
synonymous
tech (a) technical
(term)
Theo Theology, theological
Tokh Tokharian
trans translated,
translation
Tu Turkish
ult ultimate,
ultimately
usu usually
v verb
var variant
W Welsh
(Welsh is a Brittonic language of
the Celtic language family that is
native to the Welsh people. Welsh is spoken natively in Wales,
England )
W Welsh
(spoken natively in Wales, England )
WI West Indian, West Indies
1. pruṣvā प्रुष्वा in Sanskrit means a drop of water, hoar-frost/ice. It became friōsa (to freeze ) in old Norse, frēosan in old English, friosan in German, Prūrīre (to itch)/ prūrīgō (an itching ) in medicine terminology, frius (frost, cold ) in Gothic & freeze, frost in English.
2. Budhna बुध्न in Sanskrit means bottom, ground, base, and depth. It became bodam in German, boden in Greek, botn in old Norse and botm in old English languages having the same meaning. The English words foundation, fund, fundamental, profound, and bottom are derived from Budhna.
3. aṛu ऋ is a Sanskrit word meaning to make straight or right, to arrange. It (aṛu ऋ ) is the origin of the the English words arithmetic and logarithm. In German and Old Irelandic languages, rī means a number.
4. āsa आस in Sanskrit means ashes or dust. It became azein (to dry) in Greek, azazem (I dry) in Armenian, asca (ashes) in German, azgō (ashes) in Gothic; arēre (to be dry) & ardēre (extreme dryness/burning heat ) in Latin; ardent, arid and arson in English.
5. ukṣan उक्षन् in Sanskrit means an ox or bull (as impregnating the flock). It became auxein in Greek & augēre in Latin (to increase) ; aukan in Gothic, ouhhōn in German, ēacan in old English, augti (to grow) in Lithuanian and augur, augment, august, author, auction in English.
6. ajra अज्र in Sanskrit means a field/a plain. It became ager/agr (a field), agere (to drive), agricultūra (cultivation) in Latin, agros in Greek, ajra in Avestin and agriculture, culture, cult, agent in English.
7. akṣa अक्ष in Sanskrit means an axle/axis. It became axis in Latin, axōn in Greek, assis in old Persian, ašis in Lithuanian, ahsa in German and axial, axilla (armpit ), axillary, axis in English.
8. aṅka अङ्क in Sanskrit means a curve or to move in a curve/to mark or stamp. It became angle, angular in English.
9. nīla नील in Sanskrit means blue. It became al-nil (indigo plant) and laylak in Arabic, nīl (blue) in Persian, lilac in Spanish and aniline in English.
10. āpaḥ आपः in Sanskrit means water. The Latin words Aqua, aqueous are derived from āpaḥ.
11. The Sanskrit word ūrdhva ऊर्ध्व means upright. It became arduus (high, steep, hence difficult and strenuous) in Latin, ard (high) in old Irelandic, ardis (a point) in Greek, Arduenna (name of a mountain) in Gaul and Arduous in English.
12. The Sanskrit word bubhukṣā बुभुक्षा means hunger/desire to take food. It became bukk in Proto-German, boc in German and buck in English. #Etymology #Origin
13. The Sanskrit word bal बल्/balbalīti means to whirl round in a circle. It became baller (to dance) in middle French, ballāre in Latin, ballein (to dance) in Greek, ballo/ balletto (a dance) in Italian and ultimately ballet in English.
14. bhaṇ भण् meaning "he speaks" became bannum in Latin, bann (a public prohibition) in Frisian, Slovenian, German, Norse; phanai (to say) in Greek, bannīre/ bandīre in late Latin, bandire (to banish) and bandito (an outlaw) in Italian and ban, bandit in English.
15. The Sanskrit word bhā भा means to shine. It became bēken/bāken in old Frisian, bōkan in old Slovenian, bouhhan in old German, bouchen in middle German, bēacen (a sign) in old English; and Beacon (a sign or signal), beck (nod) and beckon in English.
16. barbara बर्बर means a wild person with no culture/who behaves very badly. It became barbaros in Greek, barbarus in Latin, barbarien in French, and barbaric, babble and babe in English.
17. bhū भू /bhavati in Sanskrit means to become/be. It became phu/phunai (to be born/to be) in Greek, fui (I have been) in Latin, biu (I am) in Old Irelandic, byti ( to be) in Slovenian, ben or bin in middle English and be, being, been, become in modern English.
18. The Sanskrit word bhā भा means to shine. It became bēken/bāken in old Frisian, bōkan in old Slovenian, bouhhan in old German, bouchen in middle German, bēacen (a sign) in old English; and Beacon (a sign or signal), beck (nod) and beckon in English. #Etymology #Origin
19. babhru बभ्रु is a Sanskrit word meaning deep-brown/reddish-brown. It became bero/ber in German, bare/bere in Dutch, bere/bera in old English and bear in English.
20. babhru बभ्रु meaning deep-brown became bern in old Frisian and Slovenian, björn (the brown animal) and therefore Bruin (brown) in old Norse, braun in Greek, bruin (brown), brunette in Duth, brunet, brun (brown) in French, brūn in German and Brown in English.
21. bhid भिद् meaning to split/cleave/break became beddian/bedd (a bed) in old English, bedd in old Frisian and old Slovenian, betti/bette in German, Bett in Greek, badi in Gothic, bedr ( a mattress) in old Norse and bite, bed in English.
22. bhid भिद् (split/cleave/break ) with basic meaning ‘dug-out’ or ‘hollow’ became bedd in old Frisian and old Slovenian, bedd (a grave) in Welsh, fodere (to dig ) and then fossilis (dug up) in Latin, fossile in French and fossil in English.
23. śanipriya शनिप्रिय meaning ‘dear to Saturn’ (śani, the planet Saturn) became sappīr in Hebrew, sappheiros in Greek, sapphirus/saphīrus in Latin, safir/saphir in French and sapphire in English.
24. śanaiścara शनैश्चर (slow-moving )/śani, the planet Saturn became Sāturnus (planet Saturn)/Sāturnālis, Sāturnālia (the festival/carnival of Saturn) in Latin, Saturne in French, Saeternesdaeg (Saturn’s day) in old English and Saturday in English.
ātman आत्मन् (the individual soul, self ; here in the sense of minutest, that which can not be further subdivided) atoms, atomic, atomize
Saur सौर meaning 'Sun' became sunne/sonne in old English (n for r), sunne in old Frisian, sunna in Slovenian, sunna/sonne in German, sunnō in Gothic, sonne/ zonne/Zon in Dutch, sunna in Old Norse, khvēng in Avestin (kha for sa) and Sun in English.
Saur सौर meaning 'Sun' became sōl in Latin, hēlio (the Sun God)/ hēli/ hēl in Greek, Khor (Sun, kha for sa) in Persian and sun, solar, solstice, helium (the element), insolate, insolation, parasol, aphelion and parhelion in English.
svapna स्वप्न meaning sleep/dream became somnus (sleep)/Somnus (God of Sleep)/sōpīre (deep sleep) in Latin; hupnos in Greek, sofa (to sleep)/svefn in old Norse, sǔpati (to sleep) in Slovenian, sapna in Lithuanian and Khaab (sleep, kha for sa) in Persian.
svapna स्वप्न meaning sleep/dream became swefn (sleep, a dream) in old English and Somnolence, insomnia, sofa, hypnosis, hypnotic, hypnotize in English.
āyu आयु (life, duration of life) became aiōn in Greek, aeu in Latin, ēwa (a long time) in German, aiw (always) in Gothic, āyu (life) in Avestin, ei (always) in old Norse and
age, eternal, eternity in English.
āpta आप्त in Sanskrit means fit, true, exact/āpnoti, he reaches, attains. It was borrowed as aptu (fastened/well fitted), apere ( to tie or fasten) in Latin which further became apt, aptitude, attitude in English.
mithyā मिथ्या meaning contrarily, incorrectly, wrongly was borrowed as muthos in Greek, mythos in German, mýtus in Slovak, mito in Portuguese, mitos in Indonesian, mítosz in Hungarian and myth, mythicism, mythology in English.
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