Origin and etymology

  Ghadar is a  Punjabi/Urdu word derived from Arabic.   It generally means revolt/rebellion or mutiny.  It is often spelled as Ghadr or Gadar. To find its origin, we have go into the Islamic history.   The battle of Badr in Saudi Arabia was a major military victory that had a great prestige in the minds of the Islamists.   This battle marked a turning point for the early Muslim  community  ( ummah ). Earlier they used to have a somewhat defensive stance toward the local tribes in the region.   Now, after the victory of Badr, their stance was of aggression and expansion. The battle damaged  Meccan  trade and boosted the morale of the  ummah  as a viable force in its pursuit of control of the that area.   With the spread of the Islamists to the other parts of the world, the word Badr used to be associated with the fierce war and pandemonium.   With the passage of time, this word Badr got corrupted and used to be pr...

  Vedic roots of the Mitanni Empire   1. Introduction The Mittanni empire stretched to the present-day northern Iraq, Syria and Turkey and flourished around 1500 BCE. The capital of Mitanni was Washukanni, located on the the River Habur, a tributary of the Euphrates. The Assyrians knew this kingdom as Hanigalbat   (also Khanigalbat, Hani-Rabbat), and the Hittites referred to these people as the Huri and their territory as the land of the Huri (or Hurri) and land of the  Hurrians . To the east, the Mitanni bordered with the Hurrian-speaking Kassites whose territory corresponds to present-day Kurdistan. The lands of the Mitanni in northern Syria bordered eastern Anatolia to its west and extended east as far as Nuzi (present-day Kirkuk, Iraq) and the river Tigris in the east. In the south, it extended from Aleppo across to Mari on the Euphrates to the east.   Its heartland was the Khabur river region, where Was...